The Curious Ncident of the Dog in the Night Time

The Curious incident of the Dog in the Night-time demonstrates how challenging life is, not just for the disabled but for everyone. Discuss, making sure you support your ideas with detailed references to the text. Mark Haddon’s novel The Curious incident of the Dog in the Night-time which is written from the view of a fifteen year old boy Christopher who has Asperger’s syndrome, not only does this book demonstrate how challenging life is for the disabled, but also for everyone.Having the main character Christopher narrate the story gives you the chance to connect with him and also to experience and understand the challenges he faces in his everyday life because of the disability that he has. Christopher is not the only character in the novel to face challenges. His mother Judy and his father Ed both face challenges. For example, bringing up Christopher who has a disability and also maintaining a solid relationship with each other.While the reader is shown how challengin g life can be, the author also leaves the reader with a feeling of hope with what can happen in the future. Because Christopher has Asperger’s syndrome life is very challenging for him in more than one way. It is hard for Christopher because he can’t understand facial expressions, so he doesn’t know if someone is sad, happy or angry which can be hard because he has to try and guess their mood from the tone of voice they are using.Christopher tries to understand facial expressions because he ‘got Siobhan to draw lots of†¦faces and then write down next to them exactly what they meant’. Another way that life is challenging for Christopher is that he can’t deal with lies and does not like them. In some situations Christopher thinks that it is alright for him to tell white lies but others have to tell the full truth all the time. ‘I do not tell lies. Mother used to say that this was because I was a good person. But it's not because I am a good person.It is because I can't tell lies. ’ Christopher says that he can’t tell lies but what he does not realize, is that he is telling white lies which are lies. Christopher thinks that telling the truth is a way of life, not just something people choose because it is the right thing to do. Christopher has had many situations where he has been lied to and has not handled it well. He has been lied too about his mother being dead and also about his father killing Mrs Shears dog Wellington.Christopher does not react to this well, because when he found out he ran away and no longer felt safe around his father. Both Christopher’s parents Judy and Ed Boone find life challenging because they are trying to raise a child with a disability. Christopher’s mother finds life challenging because she has to live her life wondering if her only child is alright because she is sending him letters and she doesn’t know whether he is getting them, she also isnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t getting any replies from Christopher to ensure her that everything is alright.Even though she has been writing letters to him for a while she has not been getting any letters back because Christopher’s father, Ed, has been hiding them from Christopher because he hadn’t told him that his mother was not actually dead. Christopher’s mother never stopped loving him even though he made her life really hard sometimes and she still kept writing to him and never stopped. ‘You haven’t written to me yet, so I know you’re probably still angry with me. I’m sorry Christopher. But I still love you’.Another way life is challenging for Judy is that she finds that her only son gets on better with his father. As a mother this would be very heart breaking. She always found it difficult when she took him to the shops or the mall because he would end up crouched down on the floor with is hands over his ears and he would be in the way of eve ryone. If she tried to move him he would just start screaming. Judy didn’t believe that she had the patience like Ed to look after Christopher and then she was having lots of other problems and that is when she decided to leave.Judy is not the only person who is finding life challenging but Ed, Christopher’s father is also finding life challenging. Life is challenging for Ed because it is hard to raise a child with a disability especially when you are left to look after them all by yourself. Ed and Christopher’s relationship also struggles when Christopher found out that his own father killed the next door neighbour’s dog Wellington. Christopher started not to trust him anymore and did not feel safe in his company and did not want to be left alone with him.Life is challenging for Christopher as his Asperger’s syndrome makes if difficult to communicate and to understand others. Life is not only difficult for Christopher but also for his parents, bec ause coping with a child with a disability is not any easy thing to do, but not only that they have also put a strain on their relationship. Though life is challenging not just for the disabled but for everyone, Mark Haddon demonstrates how facing life’s challenges builds a person’s character and ability to cope. Word Count: 910

Word Essay

My word is actually a phrase, my phrase is â€Å"sense of humor. † Sense of humor has a few different meanings I think. The dictionary definition for it is; the trait of appreciating and being able to express the humorous. It means to be able to appreciate, understand, and make your own humorous things. Understanding sarcasm in speaking, funny actions, and catching puns, etc. are some examples of things you need a sense of humor to understand. People’s sense of humor are not usually the same. Your opinions and thoughts create your sense of humor so it depends on your personality.So there isn’t a specific, exact sense of humor that you just have or don’t have. I think everyone has a sense of humor even if they don’t understand or appreciate someone else’s humor, they have their own with different things that amuse them. In my opinion the most important characteristic that a person should have to be successful in life is a good sense of humor. One might be intelligent, honest and kind but when all goes wrong the best way to tackle with difficulties is approaching to them optimistically.Especially speaking in terms of personality to get along with others or to break the ice or to hit it off with a new friend or any kind of thing like that. To begin with, the whole existing in the world is a rivalry where really often you are on the weaker side. You can lose your job after years of trying to achieve professional acknowledgement even if you think you’re working as hard as you can or you could fail at an exam before you even got that far. The important thing is never to give up and not to take everything personal.People who manage to overcome the â€Å"being down in the dumps† feeling and get back on to working hard are the ones who succeed. Also, who doesn’t like people that can keep you guessing and laughing? It’s always fun to be around someone that is amusing. If you can amuse your friends, the y will always be delighted to spend their time with you which is a personal achievement I think. Another thing is that communication with others will be a lot more fluent. You become more attractive and   to colleagues and friends and you help to ease stressful situations and help others to be less stressed.Not mentioning that one of the key moments in a love relationship is making your partner laugh as well. A lot of people might say or think that these kind of people cannot approach adequately to a serious situation or crisis and do not have a realistic image of life. But I think that those who claim this should distinguish acting carelessly between acting calmly. Worrying too much will only cause you a headache and you will struggle more until finding the best solution. Having a good sense of humor usually would help keep someone from stressing too quickly or when it won’t do them any good.It’s a proven fact that panicking in a tough situation is not as helpful or efficient as taking on the problem calmly because you can think things through more thoroughly. These kind of people would usually be best prepared for such situations. I really think that the sense of humor is the most important characteristic one should have in order to be successful, maybe not always business wise but for your personal life for sure. A quote to support that is this; â€Å"When life gives you lemons, twist some of the peel into a martini. â€Å"

Ethnocentrism, Stereotyping, and Prejudice Essay

I’ve spent most of the week searching and reading internet blogs, journals and electronic articles; thumbed through various dictionaries available at the library; scrutinized various metropolitan newspapers, to try to have a better understanding about ethnocentrism (1), stereotyping (2) and prejudice (3), and their meanings. I admit to this day, I walk away still confused. Why? After reading the definitions of each of these words, I’ve come to realize that their individual meanings are so near to that of racism (4) , profiling (5), or discrimination (6) – it is difficult to tell them apart. I decided to go back to a book that I read several months ago written by Dr. Mike S. Adams, Criminal Justice Professor at the University of North Carolina [ (Adams) ]. â€Å"†¦ I have been perplexed by the difficulty that many academics have with the proper use of such simple terms as racism, prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping. They are always getting them confused, while the terms are really quite simple. † Dr. Adams says †¦ â€Å"one needs to understand, differentiate between the three terms describing it â€Å"as easy as learning your ABC’s: ‘A’ stands for attitude, ‘B’ stands for behaviour, and ‘C’ stands for cognition. † Prejudice deals with negate attitudes; discrimination deals with negate behaviors. Though I must admit that after re-reading Dr. Adams’ book, I walk away with the sense that these three words, ultimately still have same meaning – discrimination. However, Dr. Adams’ logic regarding the ABC method does make some sense. Using his analogy, I considered recent events which took place in our town involving several police officers and an unconscious criminal suspect [ (Sims) ]. Though a jury determined that the officers were not guilty, it was evident from the various film footages shown, the suspect was thrown, from his vehicle and was unconscious when the five officers arrived on the scene and proceeded to beat him. Despite the suspect’s colour or status, I, along with many other viewers of different races, sects, etc. , felt that the officers violated the suspect’s civil rights. In my eyes, this was a blatant case of stereotyping, prejudice, and racism. I even tried to apply the ABC rule: ‘A’ being that the officers in pursuit of the suspect witnessed one of their own being nearly hit during the chase. They (police) immediately demonstrated their ‘white and authoritative’ powers. The officers had the attitude, that all black suspects are possibly armed and dangerous. We’ve a long way to go to remove labels and retrain people’s way of thinking regarding the accepting of others without consideration to their ethnic, cultural or social status. Works Cited Adams, Mike S. Dr. Welcome To The Ivory Tower of Babel: Confessions of a Conservative Professor. 2004. 16 February 2011 . Sims, Bob. â€Å"Birmingham News Blog. † 20 May 2009. 17 February 2011 . Encarta Dictionary (1) Ethnocentrism: a belief in or assumption of the superiority of the social or cultural group that a person belongs to. (2) Stereotyping: to categorize individuals or groups according to an oversimplified standardized image or idea. (3) Prejudice: an unfounded hatred, fear, or mistrust of a person or group, especially one of a particular religion, ethnicity, nationality, sexual preference, or social status. (4) Profiling: classification of persons based on personal information such as ethnicity, political view or behavioral patterns. (5) Racism: the belief that people of different races have different qualities and abilities, and that some races are inherently superior or inferior. (6) Discrimination: treating people differently through prejudice: unfair treatment of one person or group, usually because of prejudice about race, gender, age, religion or ethnicity.

Set size and search type effect on search time during visual search Essay

Set size and search type effect on search time during visual search task - Essay Example Feature Integration theory There are a number of researches with various stimuli, while most prevalent idea proposed for human visual search comes from A. Treisman (1980), who conducted a research illustrating Feature integration theory. It asserts that a visual search is faster in presence of dissimilar background and the number of distracters involved in background do not affect the time consumption in case of a feature search (a search that involves identification of a direct feature like color, shape, orientation or curvature). On the other hand, a conjunction search is affected widely with the number of distracters presented in the background. A conjunction search is defined as a search which does not involve a direct feature but a similarity of multiple features among the various objects. (For example ‘blue square’ has similarities with ‘blue triangle’ and ‘red square’.) Consequent of the propositions, feature integration theory illustrate s that those two searches consists of different methodology for human visual search. Those methods are characterized as parallel searches and serial searches for feature and conjunctive patterns. As further illustrated in Feature Integration theory, feature search and conjunction search differ widely on time consumption patterns as conjunction search follows a twofold process which requires identifying the features and categorizing the conjunctions to create a pattern of search. The distracters found in the patterns are responsible for time consumptions. The feature-integration theory of attention suggests that attention must be directed serially to each stimulus in a display whenever conjunctions of more than one separable feature are needed to characterize or distinguish the possible objects (Treisman and Gelade, 1980) There are number of arguments and theoretical results that involve some serious diversions and modification to this theory. However, most of the theories involve th e base of feature integration which asserts that there are found clear differences in the types of searches when direct features are involved or eliminated. Other theories and Guided search In contrast with feature integration theory there are some proposition which offers different arguments and researches for visual search. A major theory is in the propositions of Wolfe (1989) who offers a broad research for how visual search is not limited only to the factors if the searches are parallel or serial but it also depends largely on the motivating factors for a visual search. Wolfe presents this theory as the guided search theory. In his propositions, a number of subjects were passed through the experiments with varying number of stimuli and the data outcome was measured over the graphs to provide a serious deflection from Feature integration patterns. Subjects searched sets of items for targets defined by conjunctions of color and form, color and orientation, or color and size. Set s ize was varied and reaction times (RT) were measured. For many unpracticed subjects, the slopes of the resulting RT x Set Size functions are too shallow to be consistent with Treisman's feature integration model, which proposes serial, self-terminating search for conjunctions (Jeremy M. Wolfe, 1989). As those results offer a diversion in self-terminating s

DIVERSITY & INCLUSION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DIVERSITY & INCLUSION - Research Paper Example In terms of religious beliefs, the Yankees and Maine Acadians are mostly distinct. Third, family life involves several aspects of human development and belonging and living in a family. Both the Yankees and Maine Acadians highly value the family. This essay will also examine the similarities and differences between the two subcultures in terms of the three aforesaid cultural concepts. A significant selection of literature on the three cultural concepts is available hence they are selected. E. Results Section This section provides a general overview of the Yankees’ and Acadians’ arts and entertainment, religious beliefs, and family life. Yankees The Yankee musicians justify their musical interest on account of redemptive culture: the belief that the culture of music could revive the American soul (Moore, 1985). Yankees viewed themselves leaders of a revolutionary campaign distinctly American and, hence, collective. By openly experiencing the harmonious values of redempti ve culture, people could make sense of the meaning of Yankees’ uniqueness as Americans (Moore, 1985). The Yankee musician, similar to romantics, perceived themselves to be ‘unacknowledged legislators’ (Fox, 1940, 57). ... The Yankee him/herself normally explains the visionary future, tradition, and music, in relation to each other. In terms of religious beliefs, Yankees in Maine are Puritans, among other things. They believed in deliverance or redemption, that the destiny of human souls was predestined by God (Wyatt-Brown, 1990). This means that God had preprogrammed as to the people who would be saved and who would not from the very beginning. Salvation was a private issue between the Saints and God. Saints were the saved (Wyatt-Brown, 1990). Yankees have faith in God and value the reading of the Bible because they believe that the task is the way to God. To become a Saint and be saved they perform a Covenant of Grace, a bond that pleads for salvation and forgiveness of sins (Library of Congress, n.d.). They believe that they have to follow by the example of God and virtually dedicate their live to Him. Religious beliefs of the Yankees are full of ironies. They oppose each other in order to form Utop ia or an ideal World, a world that did not permit mutiny (Fox, 1940). The beliefs and purposes of Yankees generated an anxiety full of ironical issue. Humans should not commit sins, but they would sin nevertheless. Humans are obliged to forgive, but wickedness and temptations was omnipresent. Humans are pursuers of salvation, but are defenseless against vice (Wyatt-Brown, 1990). In relation to their religious beliefs, the Yankees believe that the family is very valuable. The Scriptures strongly claim that sex and marriage are gifts given by God (Moore, 1985). The Yankees believe that sex and marriage are co-existent for pleasure and reproduction. The Yankees also undervalue celibacy, view married sex as pure and important, value family life, support the

Does Ethics Require Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Does Ethics Require Religion - Essay Example Does Ethics Require Religion? Rough estimates put a figure of approximately 4,200 religions across the globe. Religion or an inquiry to religion is a common thing virtually across all humans. In all periods of history and corners of the globe, people have always wondered about life’s meaning, how to live it best, what will happen after life, and if there exists a supernatural being (Webster, 1). I have studied various religions in this course including indigenous religion, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, and Islam. This paper seeks to highlight on a personal experience in studying these religions, how it relates to my life, and how the knowledge impact my life. When I came to California two years ago, I had difficulties in adapting to the new environment and lifestyle. It took me quite some time to get acquainted to the dissimilar culture, way of life, and traditions. With time, I realized that the world is a small place as we interacted and affected each other every day. Although were different , we are all humans who are subjected to the universal human existence conditions like loss, change, uncertainty, and death. However, our backgrounds, histories, languages, and cultures determine how we approach those conditions (Donahue 1). Truth is, we do not worship the same gods, think the same, have the same cultural values, or share our specific histories. We interpret ourselves and the world truly differently. I have since come to comprehend that according to the mainstream religions all people were created by God. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism teach that humans are children of Adam and Eve. They consider Satan as the common enemy who causes enmity and division among people. The mentioned religions in the first paragraph have had messengers and prophets who were send by God to teach people about love, friendship, and co-existence. They teach about worship and submitting to God as the master and creator (oup.com 1). I believe that any individual who recognizes is able to li ve with any society in affection and peace. This course has brought to me to understand the positive, cooperative, and constructive interactions between people from different faiths. Dialogue has promoted the understanding between the different religions with the acceptance of other people as they are instead of synthesizing new beliefs (oup.com 1). Most religious texts endorse peace and compassion. In fact, majority of the religions have peace as their key principle. While some laws and traditions permit killing and waging war in certain cases, it requires that one seeks peace and just before waging any war. The nonviolence philosophy has roots in the majority of the mentioned religions. The religions sharply restrict any form of violence. I look forward to teaching and sharing this knowledge with my fellow countrymen when I graduate. Most of the religious beliefs have components of ethics. They are derived from the purported supernatural guidance and revelation. The ethics are tie d up within religion and unconditionally settled therein. There is a code of instructions which directs followers on how to live Religion is sometimes viewed as the bedrock of ethical behavior. The relationship between ethics and religion is about reason and revelation. Religion has a basis on the idea that of God (or some deity) giving insights about the true meaning of life. The insights are based on collected texts (the Koran, the Torah, the Bible, etc.). Through these, people who can make decisions which maximize their

Explore the Measurement, Extent, Causes And Consequences of Inequality Essay

Explore the Measurement, Extent, Causes And Consequences of Inequality - Essay Example This essay stresses that income inequality results in many intense issues including low levels of trust, high prevalence rate of mental illness, infant mortality, homicides, and teenage births, increased imprisonment rates, decreased life expectancy, and high incidence of obesity. Evidently, this situation would force national governments to allot huge funds for addressing these issues. Therefore, governments cannot raise enough funds for promoting development activities; instead, they get less time to focus on economic growth. Researchers indicate that income inequality and the resulted social stratification may lead to high levels of psychological stress which in turn may intensify the issues like alcohol and substance abuse, depression, and poor community life. This paper makes a conclusion that it is clear inequality is becoming a growing issue all around the globe. The lion’s part of the world’s total incomes goes to a small percent of the richest people. Inequality leads to issues like lower life expectancy, high violence rate, low levels of trust, and other health and social problems. Hence, this issue adversely affects a nation’s economic growth. In order to address this issue, national governments must ensure a minimum wage for all citizens regardless of their age, sex, religion, or politics. It is also recommendable for governments to impose huge income tax rates on rich people and to exempt the poor from taxes and other duties.

Managing Preformance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Preformance - Essay Example The important aspect in managing performance is the leadership skills that can be enhanced alongside attitudes, interpersonal skills and behaviours.(Abbey,2007). It helps to retain and maintain people who embody the basic human capital of the organizations as they are the one responsible for the execution of the strategic plans of the business. (Abbey,2007). This essay includes the analysis of the issues in managing performance by citing cases in an organization that involves performance management. The views and opinions of several organizations about the affectivity of the management are cited. The disadvantage and advantages of the performance management are enumerated to further support the importance of such management. Based on the studies that will be presented in this essay effective performance management will result in an increase in sales and greater profitability. Managing performance involves the evaluation of the employee and an appropriate compensation for the job. Companies and managers have conflicting ideas about this. In the study done by Harris (2001), it involves two phases. It is about the argument that the importance of managerial values and assumptions about rewarding individual performance has been an overlooked and underestimated dimension in the design and application of individual performance-related pay processes (IPRP). ... ' perspective on the effectiveness of performance-related pay processes in terms of encouraging the types of behaviours employers stated they were seeking from their employees. The study done by Harris (2001) wants to prove that a well compensated employee will result in a well done job and thus increases the output and the profitability of the company. It is the responsibility of the managers to fill in the gap between the missing links of aspirations and results, by motivating their employees, through management of their performance.(Abbey,2007). The organizations are aware that the success of the strategy is dependent on the effort and capabilities of their employees to implement the strategy that makes all the difference to their flourishing business.(Abbey,2007). In the study done by Harris (2001), 78 percent of respondents identified a non publicized objective which is to increase employee commitment and improve individual motivation through a fairer reward system more focused on business objectives. This was referred to by the study as an official agenda. Another objective identified as an hidden agenda was concerned with the control aspects of performance management system, which changing the culture, making managers manage, dealing with issues of under-performance, reducing staffing levels and costs while increasing workloads. Another important objective is to increase the potential of an organization, in order to achieve its strategy; it is important that organization develops and creates the capabilities of its employees. Effective people management is the only key to improve the businesses performance. The most important purpose of Performance Management is to increase the effectiveness of the employees. This should be done, in order to improve the

Discuss the four core strategies that underpin the modern concept of Essay

Discuss the four core strategies that underpin the modern concept of Risk Management and Control. Relate these core strategies to practical security - Essay Example xecuted in a variety of ways, which comprises of strategies including the transfer of the risk toward another party, avoiding any such risks beforehand, reduction of the after-effects and consequences of the risk once it hits the organization or in another case, accepting the consequences posed by a risk. Also, the nature of risk management depends on the kind of risk posed on an organization, i.e. in case of a physical risk; the risk management would involve analysis of potent risks on property of the organization, while financial threats may be resolved by considering insurance options etc. Also, the threats may be initiated from many different sources, for instance, there may be environmental, technological, and political or in some cases even organizational threats involved, which the manager may have to deal with. Prior to the execution of the risk management, assessment of the risk is quite crucial. This involves the analysis over the extent of the severity of any kind of potential loss which may occur or the chanced of the occurrence of the loss. The manager must measure the value via various indicators he/she might come up with during the analysis. However, if the statistical data is available for the cause, this would be an ideal situation, as the risk assessment in this case would be the most accurate one. Risk assessment, here, implies that the manager undertakes the holistic view of the organization, considering the resources, internal and external environment, along with the market conditions and any other factors which must be taken into account to make a prediction on what kind of threats may affect the organization. Based on this analysis, the manager clearly identifying the nature and the extent, also the probability if the threats which the organization may have to face in the fu ture. Once the analysis is conducted, the manager can then consider the options and then take considerable time to choose the most desirable options to avoid any kind of

Capstone Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capstone Project - Essay Example Identify a problem, issue or educational deficit upon which to build a proposal for change. Several children have been repeatedly brought to Kansas Hospital due to incidents of frequently repeating infections such as pneumonia, pyelonephritis and soft tissue infections to name a few (Zarbock, 2005). Symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue and increased frequency of infections were also observed from the young patients (Banaga-Perez, 2008). The children were taken to undergo a more accurate assessment for the possibility of having diabetes. Indeed, most of them go back and forth to the hospital because they are positive with Type 1 Diabetes. This incidence has been increasing for the past years. Parents of the patients have been agitated on the medical condition that their children are facing. They also have learned that Type 1 diabetes or Juvenile Onset Diabetes has put their children in a delicate condition that it is actually life-threatening if not prope rly treated. Since there is no known cure yet for diabetes, its management, especially when implemented in a home setting, is critical. However, more Type 1 Diabetes patients have been diagnosed in the hospital. Families of patients have become stressed and worried on the fact that it is a serious disease that have made the children suffer and some had near-death experience. The nursing team of Kansas Hospital has then decided that Type 1 Diabetes patients and their families need more assistance aside from the medical attention they require. They knew that because of the prevalence of the disease, it can affect many people in various settings. That whether a patient has been hospitalized for another case, they cannot just administer any medicine or treatment if the patient is diabetic. Thus the nursing care they provide becomes more complex specializing on the needs of a diabetic patient. To address more appropriately the needs of increasing diabetic patients, the nursing team decid ed to initiate a Diabetes Clinic within the hospital. The Diabetes Clinic aims to provide and disseminate more information to the patients and their families, and also other people who may be concerned about this disease. It aims to educate its stakeholders on proper management of Type 1 diabetes so home care can be done effectively especially that diabetes is largely a patient-managed disease (Zarbock, 2005). The Diabetes Clinic also aims to provide motivation to the patients and their relatives about the perseverance to care for their health and that all their efforts will produce good results. The nurses will inform them about the new medicines, intervention programmes and treatments available and, how this can be appropriate their specific cases. Importantly, being able to help patients handle diabetes management in a less stressful manner is also the goal of the team. They understand that diabetes complications include emotional shifting as well leading to anger, frustration an d fear and this affects the

A lawyers dilemma using Natural Law and Utilitarianism moral theories Essay

A lawyers dilemma using Natural Law and Utilitarianism moral theories - Essay Example In other words, a legal system which cannot be justified by its reason has no power. According to natural law, as defined in encyclopedia Britannica online, humans have the right to make moral judgments, and this is the true law; not the arbitrary power of the state. As Donald (n.d.) states, the proponents of natural law point out that people are naturally capable of knowing what they need to do in order to lead the life that they are physically fitted to live. Thus, one can undoubtedly say that the lawyers were bound by natural law to disclose the details of the death of his daughter to the person who came to them seeking details. Worsening the situation, they could not reveal the same in the court too as revealing the same was against ‘the letter and spirit of their professional duty’. A look into the case proves that Garrow was taking this contradiction with state law and natural law for granted. This was the reason why he disclosed the whole story to the lawyers and then tried to hide the same in the Court and acted as if he was insane. In fact, this is a classic example of the situations in which people defeat humanity taking advantage of the deficiency in man-made laws and the contradiction between state law and natural law.

The Maintenance of Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

The Maintenance of Stereotypes Essay Although the nature of stereotypes are not essentially negative it has been found that stereotypes of out-group members are more likely to be negative than those of in-group members (Castelli et al. 2005; Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman Tyler, 1990). Despite this fact, engaging in stereotyping still occurs. In order to adequately understand why we continue to use stereotypes, when we know of the negativity that can be attached to them, several areas need to be considered. Firstly, in the context of this essay stereotypes need to be defined. Lippman (1922) can be credited for having coined the term as being a set of socially shared representations and beliefs about the characteristics, features and behaviours of members of a group (Lyons Kashima, 2001). The Social Identity Theory also seeks to define stereotypes (Brown, 2000). Secondly, there are various mechanisms which occur that support the ongoing use and maintenance of stereotypes. In relation to this is priming, which has been found to be an active influence (Rudman Borgida, 1995; Lepore Brown, 1997; Blair Banaji, 1996). More recent research illustrates that stereotyping emerges as a way of simplifying the demands on an individual, a type of cognitive shortcut (Macrae et al. , 1994; Clark Kashima, 2007). Furthermore, stereotypes can be seen as a function of social connectivity and are thus maintained through communication (Lyons Kashima, 2006; Lyons and Kashima, 2003; Karasawa, Asai Tanabe, 2007). This essay will attempt to look at the most recent research in the past two decades and investigate the various methods that have been found to support the preservation of stereotypes. One of the key points with Social Identity Theory is that in the very act of categorisation, regardless of group contact, in-group preference is produced (Brown, 2000). This then defines a differentiation from out-group members (2000). This group differentiation can lead to the formation of stereotypes. Individuals seek also to perceive themselves in as optimistic light as possible, in an attempt to establish a positive distinctiveness between the self and other in-group members and between the in-group in comparison with the out-group. This is known as the self-esteem hypothesis (2000). From understanding how stereotypes are formed through the social identity theory, we can see how they are maintained. As found by Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler (1990), priming plays an intricate role in influencing the opinions and judgments of individuals on out-group members. A study conducted by Rudman Borgida (1995) primed male subjects to sexist female stereotypes through a television commercial in which women were portrayed as sexual objects. It was found that the primed males were more likely to engender women in a sexual fashion, paying more attention to her appearance than to what she was saying. They also responded faster to sexist words pertaining to women (babe and bimbo) than to non-sexist (mother and nurture). In this way, language plays a role in unconsciously priming people to stereotypes. It helps create an in-group versus out-group bias (1990). Impressions of people are also moulded by the names and labels which are applied to them (1990). As found by Perdue et al. (1990) ‘we’, ’us’, ‘ours’ are collective pro-nouns and are thus powerful priming influences in social cognition and perception, subtly characterising evaluative responses towards others and upholding the maintenance of stereotypes. However, in a study carried out by Blair and Banaji (1996) it was found that, although priming in stereotypes is automatically activated, an individual can control and even eliminate the automatic response, such as in gender stereotyping. In fact, it is also the individual’s intentions and cognitive resources that determine the extent to which an individual avoids the influence of such automatic processes. For example, in their study (1996) participants were asked to judge whether a name was male or female, when primed with a gender paired word, such as caring, sensitive, weak (for females) strong, arrogant or decisive (for males) or a neutral word like autumn, jelly, sleep. When sufficient cognitive resources were available and the participants intended to process counter-stereotypic information (the gender neutral words) there was a complete reversal of stereotype priming (1996). So although priming is a powerful method in maintaining stereotypes it does not fully account for the continuation of stereotyping in the face of its negativity. As reported by Bodenhausen (1990) instead of processing incoming or new information, stereotypes rely on previously stored knowledge and as a result information processing becomes easier. Thus the maintenance of stereotypes could be partially due to a type of cognitive laziness. Instead of flexing the grey matter muscle and using cognitive energy to process the new information, people effectively ‘rest on their laurels’, without motivation to change them they are reinforced to continue using stereotypes (Blair Banaji, 1996). However, as Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen (1994) established, stereotyping can also occur as a way to free up resources which can then be used in other tasks. Either way stereotypes are a type of judgmental heuristic, a short cut we take when demands are high and resources low. For example, it was found that morning people, whose peak function was early on in the day, fell back on stereotypic responses in the afternoon and for afternoon people, whose peak function was later on in the day, it was the reverse (1990). In this case, the amount of cognitive energy was the motivation to either reject or maintain a stereotype. In terms of the continuation of stereotypes, the motivation to reject them and process new information is thus a strong mechanism. It appears from the research (Clark Kashima, 2007; Lyons and Kashima, 2003; Lyons and Kashima, 2006; Lyons and Kashima, 2001) that stereotype-consistent information is more likely to be communicated than stereotype-inconsistent information, called the stereotype consistency bias. To test this, Lyons and Kashima (2001) investigated communication through a chain of people. The experiment involved one participant reading a story with stereotype-consistent and inconsistent information relevant to the stereotypes of footballers then reproducing it from memory to another person. The second person then read it to a third, and the third to a forth and so on and so forth (2001). As the story was communicated down the chain it became devoid of all stereotype-inconsistent information, effectively illustrating how communication is key in maintaining stereotypes. Clark and Kashima (2007) also found that the stereotype consistency bias would occur due to the social connectivity function found in stereotypes. In other words; when a stereotype was perceived as being socially shared it was more likely to be used. Thus, the social connectivity aspect of communication is a strong mechanism in the continuation of them. Subtyping occurs when any information from an individual, that undermines a group’s stereotype, is functionally placed outside of the group and thus not calculated when forming a stereotype (Park, Wolsko Judd, 2001). This leaves the overall stereotype unchanged even though aspects of it have been disproved. Kunda and Oleson (2001) have also found that members of one group do not generalize the neutral information of an individual in the out-group to members of that same group. In other words, it is the negative aspects of out-group members that are projected, while the neutral as well as the positive features are ignored. Subtyping provides us with another mechanism in the maintenance of stereotypes, as we can see through this model that stereotypes are able to effectively shed aspects which are proven to be inaccurate whilst still maintaining the overall stereotypical view. Stereotypes are a persistent and persuasive method of social categorisation. Socially we are primed towards engaging in stereotypes (Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler, 1990). In terms of communication we use stereotypes when we perceive that the people we are communicating with hold the same stereotypes and so stereotypes become a type of social lubrication, assisting communication (Karasawa, Asai, Tanabe, 2007). In this way, communication is also a motivation to not reject the stereotype and process new information. However, if we consciously allocated more cognitive resources we would reject the stereotype and process new information (Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen, 1994). Although the mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of stereotypes are intricate and complex, if the puzzle of these mechanisms were to be explained then, although we know that we should avoid stereotypes, we would understand how to. Blair, V. I. , Banaji, M. (1996). Automatic and controlled processors in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163. Bodenhausen, G.V. (1990). Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Psychological Science, 1, 319-322. Brown, R. (2000) Social identity theory: Past problems, current achievements and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 745-778 Castelli, L. , Zecchini, A. , De Amicis, L. , Sherman, S. J. (2005). The impact of implicit prejudice about the elderly on the reaction to stereotype confirmation and disconfirmation. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 24, 134-146. Clark, E.A. , Kashima, Y. (2007). Stereotypes help people connect with others in the community: A situated functional analysis of the stereotype consistency bias in communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1028-1039. Karasawa, M. , Asai, N. , Tanabe, Y. (2007). Stereotypes as shared beliefs: Effects of group identity on dyadic conversations. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 10, 515-532. Kunda, Z. , Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for subtyping deviants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565-579. Lepore, L, Brown, R. (1997) Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 275-287. Lipman (1922) as cited in Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2006). Maintaining stereotypes in communication: Investigating memory bias and coherence-seeking storytelling. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 59-71. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2003). How are stereotypes maintained through communication? The influence of stereotype sharedness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 989-1005. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Macrae, C. N. , Milne, A. B. , Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47. Park, B., Wolsko, C. , Judd, C. M. (2001). Measurement of subtyping in stereotype change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 325 – 332. Perdue, C. W. , Dovidio, J. F. , Gurtman, M. B. , Tyler, R. B. (1990). Us and them: Social catergorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 475-186. Rudman, L. A. , Borgida, E. (1995). The afterglow of construct accessibility: The behavioural consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 493 – 517.

Causes of Currency Crises and Banking Crises

Causes of Currency Crises and Banking Crises Introduction Based on my readings, I have found that currency crises often accompanied by banking crises or banking crises preceded by currency crises or even has no significant relationship between the two. So, why are currency crises often accompanied by banking crises? In this paper, I will discuss on how such problem may occur based on historical perspective, in which the countries that have experienced Twin Crises. The next issue is  the effectiveness and desirability of capital controls as a means by which developing countries can manage sudden capital inflows and/or outflows. This is where the credibility of capital controls are being challenged whether such restriction should be taken into a serious consideration for the policymakers to implement. It is important to analyse these economic situations due to past economic disasters in which the issues stated were significant in the 1994 Mexican peso crisis, 1997 Asian Financial crisis and the 1998 Russian financial crisis. Twin Crisis The simultaneous occurrence of currency crises and banking crises is known in economic term as Twin Crises, introduced by economists Carmen Reinhart and Graciela Kaminsky in the late 1990s. This phenomenon became a common problem in financially liberalized emerging market economies in the 1990s which started with the  1994 Mexican crisis, followed with the 1997 Asian financial crisis  and the  1998 Russian financial crisis. Kaminsky and Reinhart (1999) did an extensive research on the relationship between financial and banking crises for 20 countries and over a 25-year sample and found that banking crises often precede currency crises. The mechanism basically relies on two features. Firstly, governments hold a fixed exchange rate system and secondly, a mismatch between domestic assets and foreign liabilities by domestic banks, thus, exposing to exchange rate risks( Goldstein, Itay 2005 ). A currency crises, also known as the Balance of Payment crises,is a situation in which a nation is suffering from a chronic balance of payment deficit. This problem exists when a nation is unable to finance the imports and debt repayments. The country’s central bank would be in a doubtful position whether, given the fixed exchange rate, it has sufficient foreign exchange reserves to maintain the value of domestic currency. Government often intervenes by using the countrys own currency reserves or its  foreign reserves to satisfy the excess demand for a given currency ( Wikipedia, 2014 ). It came to a period when these emerging market economies were experiencing rapid economic growth, creating massive capital inflows, which will then lead to the crises. A banking crises, however, is a financial crisis that affects banking activity which includes bank runs, banking panics and systemic banking crises, in which a country experiences a large number of defaults and financial institutions face difficulties repaying contracts. A bank run occurs when depositors believe that the bank may fail which led them to withdraw all of their deposits from that bank. This causes the banking system to be insolvent if it cannot pay its debts as they fall due. Insolvency can be defined as the inability to pay ones debts. Cash flow insolvency, or a ‘lack of liquidity’ may occur as well when the bank might end upowingmore than itowns or is owed ( postivemoney.org, n.d ). Twin Crises started off when investors begin to lose their confidence as the massive capital inflow in the country creates uncertainty among investors in which the debt their capital is generating. The country’s currency will be at stake as the resulting outflow of capitals created by investors as they withdraw all of their funds will devalue the affected nation’s currency. Firms of the affected nation who have received the inbound investments and loans will suffer, as the earning of those firms is typically derived domestically but their debts are often denominated in a reserve currency ( Kallianiotis, 2013 ). Once the nation has exhausted its foreign reserves trying to support the value of the domestic currency, government can raise its interest rates to try to prevent from further decline in the value of its currency. While this helps those with debts denominated in foreign currencies, it generally further depresses the local economy as high interest rate usually enc ourages saving and discourages investment. Real-World Financial Crises The 1997 Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis which affected many economies in the East Asia. It began in Thailand when they had accumulated a massive foreign debt. In the effort to support the value of baht, the government had no choice but to float the Thai baht due to insufficient of foreign currency reserves, reducing peg against the US dollar. Until 1999, economies in South East Asia enjoyed a prosperous period as they had received large inflow of money. High interest rates in emerging economies attracted many investors due to the fact that it may give a high return for the investors. As a result, price of assets in these countries began to rise at an alarming rate which created insecurity among investors. Lenders started to withdraw all of their funds at a large scale, creating credit crunch and bankruptcies. Furthermore, there was a depreciative  pressure on their exchange rates as the supply of currencies of the crisis countries was high in the exchange market. Governments from these countries had to intervene in the exchange market. To prevent any loss in value of domestic currency, they had to raise domestic interest rates by buying up any surplus of the domestic currency. The Mexican government’s move to devalue the peso against the US dollar created an outburst which led to the Mexican peso crisis in 1994. In order to maintain in the value of peso, the Mexico’s central bank allowed the peso to free float within a narrow band against the US dollar through an exchange rate peg ( Wikipedia, 2014 ). Furthermore, the central bank would constantly intervene in the open market by purchasing or selling the pesos. The central banks intervention involved issuing new short-term public debt instruments denominated in U.S. dollars, using the borrowed dollar capital to purchase pesos in the foreign exchange market, will cause an appreciation in its value. Since the peso is reckoned to be increasing in value, the high purchasing power by domestic businesses, firms and consumers created an incentive to purchase more imported goods, resulting in a large trade deficit. Speculations regarding the over-valuation of peso began to circulate which encouraged investors to purchase more of U.S assets. It will be more profitable for investors as they will be able to capitalize the high exchange rate when they exchange dollars for pesos later. The resulting capital outflow from Mexico to United States caused a capital flight which put a downward market pressure on the value of peso. To curb this issue, newly inaugurated President Ernesto Zedillo in 1994announced the Mexican central banks devaluation of the peso between 13 and 15 percent. Due to the unpredictability of Mexican policymakers, investors felt insecure and afraid of further devaluations in the currency, putting an upward market pressure in the interest rates and a further downward pressure on the value of peso. Foreign investors began to rapidly withdraw their capital from Mexican investments due to possible devaluation of peso. As a result, the Mexican central bank had to raise the interest rates to prevent from capital flight. Capital Flows Capital flows is simply defined as the transaction of real and financial assets and it is recorded in the capital account. When a country has a deficit in the capital account, it means the country is experiencing a capital outflow, like Japan. The country is supposedly purchasing more assets or making more loans or both at the same time, thus accumulating net claims on other countries. It is a situation in which it is undesirable to the economy. Contrarily, if the country is having a surplus in the capital account, depicting capital inflows, it is said that other countries are accumulating claims on that particular country. Capital flows provides many great economic advantages. Countries are now able to â€Å"catch-up† with the advancement of other countries by capitalizing on their differences. Capital flows enables residences of different nations to invest in other countries by engaging in inter-temporal trade, allowing them to reap benefits or profits for future consumption. Be it an economic boom or recession, optimum level of national consumption or expenditure is vital in every economy. Thus, capital flows helps to prevent from a fall in national consumption in case of an unexpected economic downturn, by selling domestic assets or borrowing from the rest of the world. Thus, overall improvement in economic performance can be achieved as it will aid substantially in terms of productivity and efficiency. Free capital mobility may seem desirable, though, in reality it comes at a cost. Given the exchange rate, developing countries or emerging market economies tend to acquire more assets by purchasing a massive amount of goods and services than the rest of the world. This is due to several reasons. These countries may not be on par in terms of economic performance, efficiency as well as resources compared to the rest of the world. Besides, it may be due to fluctuation in the world price of commodities. The implementation of expansionary economic policy by government will increase the demand for imports. As a result, appreciation of foreign currency will occur due to high demand of foreign goods and at the same time, a depreciation in own currency due to a low demand for domestic commodities. Since government would want to hold a fixed exchange rate regime, they can implement a contractionary monetary policy, a method of selling domestic bonds which increases the domestic interest rate, in order to maintain the value of domestic currency. The demand of domestic currency will be improved which will increase the value of domestic currency. Again, it proves to be costly as high interest rate will discourage investment, since it is now more expensive to borrow from the bank, reducing a potentially larger economic growth. This shows that free flow of capital may cause an upward pressure in the value of currency which may jeopardise local firms, making them less competitive in the global market. Emerging market economies are the usual target for â€Å"hot money† with sudden injection or withdrawal of funds, thus, creating distortion or instability in the market. Large volumes of capital inflows on search for higher yields causes dislocations in the financial system. Foreign funds might fuel asset price bubbles, encourage excess risk taking by cash-rich domestic intermediaries ( Magud, Reinhart Rogoff, 2005 ). Having a strong and independent monetary policy is more viable than sustaining free flow of capital. Due to potential harmful effects of free flow of capital to the economy, capital controls is introduced to prevent such consequences from happening. A capital control is any policy designed to limit or redirect capital account transactions and may take the form of taxes, price or quantity controls, or outright prohibitions on international trade in assets ( Neely, Christopher J. , 1999 ). Capital Controls There are two types of controls which are the controls on inflow and outflow of capital. Like Malaysia during the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, control on capital outflows was introduced to supposedly generate revenue, correct balance of payment deficit as well as preserve savings for domestic use. Control on capital inflows, used by Chile during the Latin American debt crisis, was used to prevent potential volatility inflows, financial destabilisation and real appreciation as well as correcting balance of payment surplus and limit foreign ownership of domestic assets. This shows various type of capital controls are targeted at specific type of movement. The question is, how effective capital control is and to what extent should it be implemented ? During the Asian Financial Crises, Malaysian government imposed controls on outflows in 1998 by pegging the exchange rate at RM 3.80 for every US dollar. Their objective was to delay from exhaustion of foreign reserves and provide as much time possible for policymakers to implement reflationary policies as well as eliminating speculation against the ringgit. Malaysia’s stock market capitalization ratio at 310 percent of GDP, compared to 116 percent in the U.S., and 29 percent in Korea and domestic debt-GDP ratio at 170 percent were, at the time, highest in the world (Perkins and Woo, 2000). In response to the crisis, Malaysian government raised the interest rates to stem the decline of the ringgit and restructured their expenditure by reducing it by 18 percent ( Ethan Kaplan and Dani Rodrik, 1999 ). However, the economy showed no sign of improvement. Their effort to reduce domestic interest rates seemed to be pointless as speculation against the ringgit in offshore markets was circulating widely. The speculation lead to the borrowing of ringgit at premium rates to purchase dollars, which created a devaluation pressure on ringgit. Worried of capital flight and further depreciation of the currency, the Malaysian government also banned for a period of one year all repatriation of investment held by foreigners. Malaysia also lowered the 3-month Bank Negara Intervention Rate from 9.5% to 8% and the liquid asset ratio was reduced from 17% to 15% of total liabilities ( Ethan Kaplan and Dani Rodrik, 1999 ). On February 15th, 1999, the Central Bank of Malaysia changed the regulations on capital restrictions, shifting from an outright ban to a graduated levy and replacing the levy on capital with a profits levy on future inflows ( Ethan Kaplan and Dani Rodrik, 1999 ). After the imposition of capital controls in 1998, Malaysia showed a strong and quick revival from the Asian financial crisis. The fact that Korea and Thailand, which had opted for IMF’s progra mme, recovered remarkably suggesting that capital controls imposed in Malaysia did not make any significant difference than the IMF’s financial aid. Chile seemed to favour controls on capital inflows and been relying on it in two different occasions (1978-82 and 1991-98). The effectiveness is questionable, however, as in 1981-82 Chile went through a currency crisis despite with controls and restrictions. The peso was devalued by almost 90 percent and a large number of banks had to be, bailed out by the government ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ). The controls were being reintroduced in 1991 with the objectives of slowing down the volume of capital inflows into own country, reducing the real exchange rate appreciation resulted from these inflows, allowing the Central Bank to maintain a high differential between domestic and international interest rates. In 1984, Chile has adopted a slightly flexible exchange rate system, where the peso-dollar rate was allowed to fluctuate within an upward-moving band. The authorities argued that by maintaining domestic (peso) denominated interest rates above international rates, inflation would decline gradually (Massad, 1998). This policy mix worked relatively well until the late 1980s, when Chile regained access to international financial markets, and capital began to flow into the country putting pressure both on the real exchange rate and domestic interest rates ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ). By early 1990, domestic firms were considerably affected, as the rapid strengthening of peso has reduced their level of competitiveness and profitability. To sum it up, the effectiveness of Chile’s controls on capital inflows has been overestimated. After the controls were imposed, the maturity of foreign debt contracted by Chile increased significantly. The evidence suggests more than 40 percent of Chile’s debt to G-10 banks had a residual maturity of less than one year ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ). Although the policy affected the composition of capital inflows, it did not reduce the total volume of aggregate flows moving into Chile during the 1990s. The controls on inflows had no significant effect on Chile’s real exchange rate in which it appreciated by approximately 30% during the 1990s. The controls had a short term effect on domestic interest rates. The magnitude of the effect was very small, however, raising the question of whether the central bank’s ability to undertake independent monetary policy really enhanced by the controls on capital inflows ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ) . Conclusion Control on inflows seems to be more favourable among authors and economists than those on outflows. Controls on outflows usually create corruption as it easier to evade than the inflows (Reinhart and Smith, 1998; Eichengreen, et al. 1999). If there is an anticipation in the depreciation of domestic currency, this creates an incentive for investors to evade controls on outflows to prevent from losses.When faced with the prospect of a major crisis, the private sector finds ways of evading the controls, moving massive volumes of funds out of the country. Controls on capital outflows have resulted in corruption, as investors try to move their monies to a â€Å"safe haven.† In almost 70% of the cases were controls on outflows were used as a preventive measure, there was a significant increase in â€Å"capital flight† after the controls had been put in place. Cuddington (1986) reached a similar conclusion in his study on the determinants of capital flight in developing countr ies. Evading controls on inflows, however, proved to be less beneficial among investors as investing in other countries would be less viable compared to domestic return. REFERENCES : L. Kaminsky, Graciela and M. Reinhart, Carmen (1999) The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-of-Payments Problems Vol. 89 No. 3 Online at :  http://home.gwu.edu/~graciela/HOME-PAGE/RESEARCH-WORK/WORKING-PAPERS/twin-crises.pdf Accessed 20 December 2014 Goldstein, Itay (April 2005) Strategic Complementarities and the Twin Crises Economic Journal. Online at :  http://www.res.org.uk/details/mediabrief/4392181/Explaining-Twin-Financial-Crises.html  Accessed 20 December 2014 Tornell, Aaron (2002) Twin Crises The National Bureau of Economic Research Online at :  http://www.nber.org/reporter/winter02/tornell.html Accessed 20 December 2014 J. Neely, Christopher (1999) An Introduction To Capital Controls Online at :  http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/99/11/9911cn.pdf Accessed 27 December 2014 Baba, Chikako and Kokenyne, Annamaria (2011) Effectiveness of Capital Controls in Selected Emerging Markets in the 2000s IMF Working Paper Online at :  https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp11281.pdf Accessed 27 December 2014 Edwards, Sebastian (1999) HOW EFFECTIVE ARE CAPITAL CONTROLS? The National Bureau of Economic Research Online at :  http://www.nber.org/papers/w7413.pdf Acccessed 27 December 2014

Analysis of Mental Illness via Girl, Interrupted (1999)

Analysis of Mental Illness via Girl, Interrupted (1999) GIRL, INTERRUPTED 1 Introduction In the movie, Susanna (Winona Ryder) is diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. Susanna bonds with a few different patients, including Lisa (Angelina Jolie) with sociopathic personality disorder, Daisy; Bulimia, Georgina; pathological liar and Janet as Anorexic. Susanna starts to work harder with her specialist (Vanessa Redgrave) and the medical attendant on the ward (Whoopi Goldberg). Girl, Interrupted was focused around the collection of memoirs of Susanna Kaysen, who truly did put in eighteen months a Psychiatric Hospital (Mangold,1999). DSM V Diagnosis Criteria Consistency Borderline Personality Disorder is defined as a pervasive example of precariousness of interpersonal connections, mental self view, influences, and checked impulsivity, starting by ahead of schedule adulthood and present in a mixed bag of settings as showed by 5 or a greater amount of the following; (a) Distraught endeavors to stay away from genuine or envisioned relinquishment,(b) An example of temperamental and extraordinary interpersonal connections portrayed by exchanging between extremes of admiration and cheapening, (c ) Personality aggravations: especially and diligently instable mental self view or feeling of self,(d) Impulsivity in no less than two zones that are possibly self harming,(e) Repetitive self-destructive conduct, signals, or dangers or self ruining conduct,(f) Full of feeling flimsiness because of a stamped reactivity of mind-set,(g)Chronic sentiments of vacancy,(h)Inappropriate, serious outrage or trouble controlling annoyance, and (i)Transparent, anxiety relate d jumpy ideation or serious dissociative indications (American Psychiatric Association,2013). The first criteria for BPD in Girl, Interrupted, was having self-destructive contemplations and doing things to help a conceivable suicide by endeavoring what Susanna called an impotent endeavor to murder herself by taking a dose of aspirin with vodka. At the point when the attendant attempted to hold her she says to be watchful in light of the fact that she has no bones in her grasp. Later on, the advisor asks her the means by which she got the container of Aspirin in the event that she had no bones in her grasp, she reacts saying then theyd return (Mangold, 1999). The second criterion was incurring damage on the body by cutting or wounding. After she endeavored suicide, she was hurried to the crisis room, and the cam point changed from everyone wildly moving around to help to her wrists. She had wounds everywhere on her wrists and she continued telling the specialists she didnt have any bones in her grasp (Mangold, 1999). The third criterion was Susannas endeavors to stay in the connections to abstain from feeling relinquished. At the center of the film, she has a flashback of the illicit relationship she had with one of the instructors and with a fellow that she met after her secondary school graduation. In both cases, she was having hazardous sex and staying in the connections with the goal that she felt needed and cherished, and not dismisses (Mangold, 1999). The fourth criteria was filling the void that was generally felt by doing something she knew wasnt correct yet provided for her rush. Susanna felt as though nothing was going how she needed it and she was the main individual feeling that way. In the film, Susanna and Lisa, a young lady in the organization, chose to escape the foundation and go on an excursion to visit an alternate young lady that had been there with them, Polly. Both of them knew they could cause harm, yet the proceeded at any rate (Mangold, 1999). The fifth criterion was the point at which she encountered a shift in temperaments and felt like she had no feeling of herself whatsoever. Around the end of the film, there was a period Susanna was persuaded she wasnt going to improve and she got preventive over what Dr. Wick was letting her know about her analysis. She proceeded and expressed how she couldnt have cared less and her new most loved word to portray herself was conflicted in light of the fact that she said it implied she couldnt have cared less any longer and she was going to do whatever she felt was correct (Mangold, 1999). We believe Susanna created these examples all the more in adulthood, yet everything originated from her youth occasions and they are reliably demonstrated in the motion picture concerning the indications of BPD in DSM V; in any case, at one purpose of the film, her sweetheart comes and says that she is not insane and that she doesnt have a place there. She then says, Yet I attempted to execute myself†. This shows how she has disguised what had persistently been tossed at her. He tries to persuade her to flee with him to Canada, however shockingly she says she has companions here and that she herself is crazy. As per Comer, 2010, one of the characteristics of people experiencing BPD is that sentimental sentiments seeing someone are not generally shared. However in the motion picture, in spite of her refusal to flee with him, their shared adoration stays in place, in this manner demonstrating a conflict with the DSM-V as of right now (Mangold, 1999). After a long discussion with the office head, Susanna gets more disappointed in view of what she says and takes a great deal of pills. The following morning she experiences difficulty awakening the superintendent acknowledges what has happened and completes her of quaint little inn her in the shower tub to wake her up. She has a fit, and gets to be exceptionally indiscreet. The superintendent tries to clarify to her that she is not insane and that she is simply a lethargic, liberal young lady who is making herself insane (Mangold, 1999). The following morning Susanna finds that Daisy had submitted suicide by hanging herself and she calls the police and is taken again to the clinic while Lisa vanishes. At the clinic she has a discussion with her Doctor where she says that she wished she could have done something to help Daisy. She additionally states, â€Å"I’ll never know what it’s like to be her but I know what it’s like to want to die, how it hurts to smile, how you try to fit in and you can’t, how you hurt yourself on the outside and try to kill the thing on the inside† (Mangold, 1999). There are a few distinctive perspectives on how an individual like Susanna could have created BPD. One view that scholars have, is that an early absence of acknowledgement by parents may prompt a loss of respect toward oneself, expanded reliance and a failure to adapt to division (Comer, 2010). In the motion picture, Susannas mother made a remark on when Susanna was an infant, she was transforming her diaper and she turned around for a part second and that was when Susanna moved off the quaint little inn her leg. She said the specialist place Susanna in a full body cast and her guardians went on a 4,000 mile outing with Susanna locked in the rearward sitting arrangement in the body cast (Mangold, 1999). Cultural Differences In a collectivist society like Sri Lanka, close family relatives would be exceedingly concerned if an individual showed such feelings or practices. They would be extremely terrified and attempt to do whatever they can, striving to help them. It would not be a theme that would be talked among each other individual, presumably just close relatives and companions. Once an individual has been diagnosed and at last cured, the enduring impression would not be of the said individual being totally recouped. They would presumably still expect or think at the once again of their brain that they are not totally cured or may tend to backslide. Notwithstanding they would at present be extremely steady as it is in their tendency to be so. These relatives and family would likewise feel that an individual being diagnosed with a certain issue is because of the Karma which is the where their circumstance is ascribed to sins of the past births. Some parents of family members are regularly embarrassed to concede that their youngster is having BPD disorder. They attempt to lock their youngsters in a room in order to prevent embarrassment from the society. In the event that the kid does not so much succeed then the youngster is censured, debased or rebuffed, which may influence the kids self regard and trust in a radical manner. One of the principle purposes behind this is on the grounds that the absence of mindfulness about the issue accordingly there is a probability, where the perspective towards the kids and the issue of BPD may slowly change in the promising new years. Conclusion To sum up, the movie indicates how the emotional sickness had a huge effect on Susanna as it demonstrates how she would holler insanely in the night and be extremely befuddled since she didnt recognize what wasnt right with her or felt caught on the grounds that she felt that nothing really wasnt right with her (Mangold, 1999). We personally think she would have gotten better if she was simply at home, while being given personal treatment and care without confining her to a setting that induced, provoked or aggravated her disorder or she could have been given the dialectical behavior therapy which most clinical today utilize this therapy method. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders: DSM V (5th ed).Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishers. Comer, J.R (2010) Abnormal Psychology (7th Ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Wick, D., Konrad, C., (Producers). Mangold, J. (Director). (1999) Girl, Interrupted. United States: Columbia Pictures. Retrieved from http://ffilms.org/girl-interrupted-1999/ (2014)

1952 :: 1950s

1952 In 1954, many barriers were broken that made this a year of success. One of the major achievements is the cure for Polio being discovered which saved many lives and made the disease extinct. Other successes include the revolution of music and the birth of Rock & Roll. Other achievements this year were the invention of the first 2-seated sports car, the corvette, and the beginning of the Sports Illustrated magazine. During this year, RCA also produced the first color television where families could watch shows such as the Nelsons and the Show of Shows. Swanson also made the first TV dinners that families ate while they watched TV. One of the major barriers that were broken was the invention of the hydrogen bomb and when it was released, it was noted to be the biggest bomb to ever be set off. The United States conducted a full scale, successful experiment with a fusion device in 1952, which produced an explosion equivalent to several megatons (million tons) of chemical explosive. In 19 54, the United States detonated a fusion bomb with a power of 15 megatons instead of the expected 7 megatons. It created a glowing fireball more than 4.8 km (more than 3 miles) in diameter, and a huge mushroom cloud that quickly rose into the stratosphere. The hydrogen bomb was tested in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The bomb was said to be over 500 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, giving the United States the technology to produce a bomb capable of razing any of the world’s largest cities. The hydrogen bomb created a fireball that was made up of extremely hot mass and went off in a nuclear explosion. A flash of heat radiation was emitted from the fireball and began to spread out over a large area. The radiation was able to cause flash burns on exposed skin. Besides the blast and heat, the exploding nuclear bomb was able to release a penetrating nuclear radiation. The nuclear radiation was able to cause serious injury to the islands surrounding the Marshall Islands. The radiation was effecting the near by natives when it was absorbed into the body of people. With the invention of the hydrogen bomb, ‘the nuclear/atomic age’ evolved and gave the United States the technology it needed to become the superior nation it is today.

Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners Essay -- Instruction

English Language Learners (ELL) require appropriate education in the English language. Reading, writing, listening, pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar are important for an ELL student to learn. Educators should use individualized lesson plans that will cater to each student’s abilities and knowledge of the secondary language. An ELL classroom is formed with students who do not have the capability to speak or read English fluently. These students are unable to participate in a mainstream classroom without some type of help. The ELL classroom will give students more time to practice English. Comprehensible Input Comprehensible input is academic learning messages. An ELL student must participate if they want to learn the material. Krashen has five hypotheses for the acquisition of a second language. These hypotheses are: â€Å"acquisition learning, comprehensible input, monitor, affective filter, and natural order† (Krashen, 1981). Comprehensible input uses appropriate speech and clear explanation of tasks students need to accomplish during the school day. Students must be able to understand what is expected of them before they are able to complete the lesson or task. Comprehensible input will â€Å"be made meaningful when the speaker uses visual supports, nonverbal gestures, paraverbal support (whispers, sighs), graphic organizers, and realia (real objects that students can see) that focus learners on the concrete here and now† (Faltis, 2008). Visual aids are very beneficial for clarifying vocabulary terms to ELL students. On-Going, Specific, and Immediate Feedback Feedback is critical it must be given immediately to assist with the education. There are many types of feedback: direct, explicit written, individual conferences, di... ...4300068&v=2.1&u=canyonuniv&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&authCount=1. Krashen, S. D. (1981) Second language acquisition and second language learning. Retrieved December 29, 2011, from Web http://www.sdkrashen.com/SL_Acquisition_and_Learning/index.html. Morse, R., & Teyechea, N. (n.d.). Instructional strategies for ELL classrooms. Retrieved December 29, 2011, from Web http://www.mrmorsesclass.com/Instructional%20Strategies.pdf. McCall, J. (2005) Building Concepts and Vocabulary Before Reading. Retrieved December 29, 2011, from Web http://www.pd-network.com/lessons/frontloading_for_ell_article.pdf. Mustfa, N. (2002) Grouping in the ESL Classroom. Retrieved December 29, 2011, from Web http://www.melta.org.my/ET/2002/wp03.htm. Rothenberg, C., & Fisher, D. (2007). Teaching English Language Learners: A Differentiated Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

The Tragic Impermanence of Youth in Robert Frosts Nothing Gold Can Sta

The Tragic Impermanence of Youth in Robert Frost's Nothing Gold Can Stay In his poem "Nothing Gold can Stay", Robert Frost names youth and its attributes as invaluable. Using nature as an example, Frost relates the earliest green of a newborn plant to gold; its first leaves are equated with flowers. However, to hold something as fleeting as youth in the highest of esteems is to set one's self up for tragedy. The laws of the Universe cast the glories of youth into an unquestionable state of impermanence. It is an inescapable fact that all that is born, pure and clean, will be polluted with age and die. The aging process that Frost describes is meant to be taken literally as well as metaphorically. Literally, the plants that Frost describes are an example of this nonexclusive law of aging. This prooving through common natural phenomenom the tangible and scientific merit of the poem. There is also a spiritual understanding. Frost uses a religious allusion to further enforce the objective of the poem.Whether Frost's argument is proven in a religious or scient ific forum, it is nonetheless true. In directly citing these natural occurrences from inanimate, organic things such as plants, he also indirectly addresses the phenomena of aging in humans, in both physical and spiritual respects. Literally, this is a poem discribing the seasons. Frosts interpertation of the seasons is original in the fact that it is not only autumn that causes him grief, but summer. Spring is portrayed as painfully quick in its retirement; "Her early leaf's a flower,/ But only so an hour.". Most would associate summer as a season brimming with life, perhaps the realization of what was began in spring. As Frost preceives it however, from the moment spring... ...f impurity. In Christianity it is called sin. The fact that pollution of the soul is a concept in religion the world over is a testament to the Universal nature of Frosts argument. Frost's poem addresses the tragic transitory nature of living things; from the moment of conception, we are ever-striding towards death. Frost offers no remedy for the universal illness of aging; no solution to the fact that the glory of youth lasts only a moment. He merely commits to writing a deliberation of what he understands to be a reality, however tragic. The affliction of dissatisfaction that Frost suffers from cannot be treated in any tangible way. Frost's response is to refuse to silently buckle to the seemingly sadistic ways of the world. He attacks the culprit of aging the only way one can attack the enigmatic forces of the universe, by naming it as the tragedy that it is.

Japanese Period

Japanese Period Background The Japanese period is known as the era with the most brutalities in Philippine history. Unlike our previous capturers, the Japanese had no shame in hiding the cruelty that they imposed on the Filipino people. With their aim of capturing the Philippines in a span of 50 days, they did not hold back on the meaner of getting what they wanted. No one could escape the torture and hardships, and some could not even escape death. The Japanese had motives. They wanted the Filipinos to stray from the western culture, and become part of the east-Asia co prosperity sphere.They wanted a complete reformation of the people, for them to forget about their materialistic ways and to focus on vocational education and love of labor. Whenever someone would go against what they wanted, they would result to imprisonment and torture. They had no mercy for those that they suspected were against them. Conditions of the Prison The Kemp-ATA, or the Japanese military police would usua lly pick up Filipinos on the streets or in their houses, and throw them in prison cells either in Fort Santiago, in Blind prison, or in any compound that the Japanese have taken over.Some accounts say that the Japanese would keep them in small rooms, with nothing to do. Whenever they would look out the window, all they could see were ill-fed and unhappy Filipinos roaming the streets. Everyday, they would do the same things, and they would be fed tasteless and inadequate food twice a day. Most times, it's Just boiled vegetables and rice. Sometimes, they would add fish to the prisoners' food, but only the heads and the parts that they have thrown in the garbage. One source told his story of being kept in a hospital by the Japanese.He mentioned that two garbage dumpsters were located right outside the building where they were staying in, so flies would come in thousands each day. Whenever they would close their eyes, after about five minutes, the bed would be covered with flies, litera lly making a black blanket. Another source, quoted below, wrote his accounts of torture and hardships in his memoir, and what he experienced in the cell that he stayed in: â€Å"After a pause of a few minutes, I felt the searing Jerks of slivers being extracted.Minutes later, I could not remember how long, I regained consciousness. I was shivering and wet lying in a pool of water mixed with blood, semi-digested food, excrement and urine. The smell was terrible. I must have moved my bowels, vomited and urinated in my unconscious state. † The Japanese didn't care about the condition of each prisoner. They would Just leave them there, bruised and unconscious, until the next water cure session.Some rooms can only occupy a limited number of people if they allocate a bed for each person; therefore, what the Japanese did was to fit about 70 men inside one empty room, where the prisoners would sit in a squatting position. Most of the rooms couldn't have a bathroom; so instead, the Ja panese would provide the prisoners squatting Rules Inside the Prison There were no exact rules as to what should and shouldn't be done inside the prison cell, but the Filipinos were smart enough to know what the Japanese didn't like and what they capable of.Whenever a Filipino is captured, he is tied up and beaten, sometimes until he is unconscious, then he will be brought to a prison cell, where he will stay indefinitely and will continue to be tortured. Almost everyday, they will be questioned and tortured until they give an answer that would satisfy the Japanese en watching over them. Of course, like in any prison, no one was allowed to leave the facility. If anyone attempted to leave, they would be beaten and tortured to death.Family members were not allowed to visit them, except on April 29, when the emperor would celebrate his birthday and is considered a special holiday for the Japanese. They were not allowed to leave their cells, unless they were told to do so. Even bathing was limited to once a week, sometimes once every two weeks if they were unlucky. In 1941, a new Blind prison was available for use of the Japanese. Upon entering he facility, there was a standard procedure followed to accommodate the new prisoners: 1 . The carpets (bio-data) were taken and supplemented by fingerprinting 2.Heads of prisoners will be shaved 3. Clothes will be deposited for safekeeping, and replaced with a uniform 4. Medical examination of physical condition of the prisoners, and giving of immunization shots 5. Photos are taken with a prison number tag 6. Brigade assignments are issued. The new Blind was seen as a chance to live anew, and the prisoners noticed that the prison officials were more lenient than the ones in the old Blind facility and the nest in Fort Santiago. Rights Human rights were non-existent during the time of the Japanese.The torture methods were so inhumane that some prisoners felt like they were being treated like animals. They were not allowed to speak or do what they wanted, they weren't even allowed leave their prison cells unless they were told to do so. There was no regard for human life, at least for those who were imprisoned and tortured. Illustration of the water cure method of torture The methods that the Japanese used to get answers from the Filipinos were severe and barbaric. The water cure was the most used method for prisons.The prison officials would dip the head of the prisoner in a tub of water, or a wet material is placed on top of the nose and mouth of a prisoner until he starts gasping for air. They would then ask questions, and if they don't get a â€Å"satisfactory' answer, they would repeat the process. In the case of a prisoner drowning, they would immediately untie him and place him face down on a barrel. The Prison guards would then roll the barrel back and forth like a rocking chair to remove the water from the poor prisoners stomach and lungs.Then the process will continue once and striking with a baton or a slab of wood. Reasons for Imprisonment Most of the prisoners during the time of the Japanese were accused of being part of guerrillas. This was the main trigger for the Japanese to capture people in the streets or in their homes because they didn't want any secret anti-Japanese organizations to plan revolts, as well as keep in the Filipinos under the influence of the Americans. Although they captured many accused Filipinos, they were not able to fully and completely silence the guerilla groups.

Pine Beetle

weed yen hammers (MPB) atomic number 18 the most important dirt ball pest of carbon monoxide gass true pine forests. MPB oftentimes kill macro numbers of trees annually during irruptions. Trees that are not growing vigorously due to gray-headed age, crowding, poor growing conditions, drought, throw out or mechanical damage, root disease and some another(prenominal) ca usages are most likely to be attacked. For a long-term remedy, thin susceptible stands. Leave hale-spaced, full-blooded trees. For short-term controls, spray, natural covering, give notice or peel attacked trees to kill the mallets. handicap sprays crowd out protect green, unattacked trees. pic pic Figure 1 Adult Dendroctonus (left) versus Ips (right). Note bit by bit curved wing of Dendroctonus. Actual size of it of Dendroctonus from 1/8 to 1/3 inch, Ips 1/3 to 1/4 inch. Mountain pine overhang (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae, is native to the forests of western conglutination America. Period ic outbreaks of the insect, precedently called the Black Hills beetle or Rocky Mountain pine beetle, seat result in losses of millions of trees.Outbreaks develop irrespective of property lines, beingness equally evident in natural state areas, pot subdivisions and back yards. Even shelterbelt or landscape pines many miles from the mountains quarter succumb to beetles imported in infested firewood. Mountain pine beetles develop in pines, curiously ponderosa, lodgepole, Scotch and limber pine. Bristlec unmatchable and pinyon pine are less commonly attacked. During earlyish stages of an outbreak, attacks are special(a) sizeablely to trees beneath stress from injury, poor site conditions, fire damage, overcrowding, root disease or ageing age.However, as beetle populations increase, MPB attacks may take away most large trees in the outbreak area. A related to insect, the Douglas-fir beetle (D. pseudotsugae), occasionally damages Douglas-fir. close often, outbreaks are as sociated with previous injury by fire or western spruce budworm. (See fact stable gear 5. 543, Western Spruce Budworms). Spruce beetle (D. rufipennis) is a pest of Engelmann and Colorado unsanctified spruce in Colorado. Inju cherry pines to a fault spate be attacked by the red turpentine beetle (D. valens).Mountain pine beetles and related peel beetles in the genus Dendroctonus scum bag be distinguished from other large bark beetles in pines by the model of the hind wing cover (Figure 1, top). In side view, it is gradually curved. The wing cover of Ips or engraver beetles, another common free radical of bark beetles struggle conifers, is sharply spined (Figure 1, bottom). Signs and Symptoms of MPB flame Popcorn-shaped masses of resin, called pitch tubes, on the remains where beetle tunneling begins. Pitch tubes may be brown, pink or white (Figures 2 and 6).Boring dust in bark crevices and on the ground immediately adjacent to the tree base. Evidence of woodpecker fodderin g on trunk. Patches of bark are removed and bark flakes lie on the ground or snow below tree. Foliage act yellowish to reddish throughout the entire tree crown. This usually occurs eight to 10 months after a successful MPB attack. forepart of live MPB (eggs, larvae, pupae and/or adults) as well as galleries low bark. This is the most definite indicator of infestation. A hatchet for removal of bark is needed to check trees in good order (Figures 3, 5 and 8). Bluestained sapwood (Figure 9).Check at more(prenominal) than than one point around the trees circumference. pic Figure 10 Large, uninfested pine being hold backively sprayed. This protects high-value trees and should be make annually between April 1 and July 1. lifelike controls of mountain pine beetle imply woodpeckers and insects such as clerid beetles that feed on adults and larvae under the bark. However, during outbreaks these natural controls often fail to prevent additional attacks. thoroughgoing cold te mperatures also can funk MPB populations.For winter mortality to be a significant factor, a severe rime is necessary while the insect is in its most vulnerable stage i. e. , in the fall in the first place the larvae have metabolized glycerols, or in late spring when the insect is molting into the pupal stage. For freezing temperatures to assume a large number of larvae during the middle(a) of winter, temperatures of at least 30 degrees below zero (Fahrenheit) must be preserve for at least five days. Logs infested with MPB can be treated in miscellaneous ways to kill underdeveloped beetles before they emerge as adults in spend.One actually effective way to kill larvae developing under the bark (though very project intensifier) is by peeling away the bark, every by hand or mechanically this exposes the larvae to unfavorable conditions the larvae will dehydrate, starve and ultimately die. Logs my also be burned or scorched in a jampack preferably when in that respect i s snow on the ground (contact your local forester for assistance). They can also be buried under at least eight inches of soil, or chipped. Following beetle emergence, wood can be used without threat to other trees.Chemical control options for MPB larvae have been greatly limited in recent years. At present, there are no labeled pesticides for use on MPB. Solar discussions may be appropriate in some areas of Colorado to reduce beetle populations in infested trees. For the treatment to be effective, the temperature under the bark a great deal reach 110 degrees Fahrenheit or more. Such treatments can be performed with or without plastic. This method is also labor intensive contact your local forester for more details on solar treatments. legal community An important method of prevention involves forest management.In general, MPB prefers forests that are old and dense. Managing the forest by creating diversity in age and bodily structure with result in a healthy forest that will b e more resilient and, thus, less vulnerable to MPB. Most mature Colorado forests have about(predicate) twice as many trees per acre as those forests which are more resistent to MPB. Contact your local forester for more information on forest management practices. Certain formulations of carbaryl (Sevin and others) permethrin (Astro, spiller and others), and bifenthrin (Onyx) are registered for use to prevent attacks on individual trees.These sprays are applied to existent green trees in early summer to kill or deter attacking beetles. This preventive spray is generally quite an effective through one MPB trajectory (one year). pic Figure 11 The appearance of a forest thinned to help prevent MPB. This can also improve mountain views and reduce fire hazard. During epidemic conditions, the coerce from beetle populations may result in less satisfactory results due to several(prenominal) factors

Moral psychology Essay

Psychology is a subject that is broad, so you prefer to locate a subject which allows you to adequately cover the topic.Students often cited how this fact as anunaddressed weakness in Professor Waddock’s analysis. b. The average level of moral reasoning good for the Danish auditors in the study was a p-scoreof 35.48, which corresponds to a conventional level of moral reasoning.Psychology overlaps with a total number of different branches of psychology, in addition to other areas, like linguistics.† Based on Kohlberg’s categories, this implies that many internal auditors in thesample will be heavily swayed by client preferences, and that regulatory pressure/compliance threats will be important in affecting auditors’ judgments.c. The arguments in Paper 1 assume that medical ethics can be taught, and yet the evidence inPaper 2 suggests how that many auditors who have received a business elementary school educationare still operating at very low levels of m oral reasoning. Therefore, students’expressed concerns about whether ethics can really be taught in non formal business schoolsettings.

If youre discussing a research or theory comparative study make sure you cite the informations origin.d. Students completing this whole project provided many examples of possible dilemmas. Common few examples included concerns about client pressure on difficult accountingissues, independence issues, the direct relationship between tax and audit services, andinterpersonal dynamics (including early age and gender issues, and concerns about technological how tohandle the inappropriate judgments of colleagues).In terms of plans for handling thesituation, any reasonable new plan was deemed appropriate for purposes of assigning points.Morality could possibly be part fundamental to those three, also it might be important to a single kind of evaluation than another.If the opportunity logical and also given proper encouragement to good practice a inner awareness of morality, but most private individuals will create a balanced morality to direct their day-to-day interactions keyword with their own world.

Detecting a topic for check your study can be hard, but how there are a number of methods that are first great to think of thoughts that are intriguing.Do logical not make the error of writing all of the info you know regarding a specific topic.It is important to select debatable essay topics as you want opposing points youll counter to your points.Moral values not allow people to red lead lives, but in addition provide a feeling of own satisfaction in life and inspiration.

Dreams In Of Mice and Men Essay

Of Mice and utilisition force was compose by privy Steinbeck in 1937. He wrote some(a)(prenominal) sourer(a) ledgers much(prenominal) as Tortilla Flat, The scarlet Pony, einsteinium of Eden, The Grapes of Wrath, Cannery form and The Pearl. His close to celebrated was the Grapes of Wrath.At the succession Steinbeck wrote the invigorated, act upon force were the primary(prenominal) actors on fara appearancems and scatteres intemperately during the 1930s machinery began to constitute al iodine told e rattlingplace and by 1938 Combines harvested fractional of the Statess grain. George and Lennie, the both briny send murderices in the bol cardinaly, argon sh ars of migratory establishers who farmed 800 miles across the brinytain plocal argona networkes. all told(prenominal) bedcover workers snuff ited some the States aspect for jobs. They worked in genuinely piteous gibes and were paying(a) 2 to lead dollars a twenty- 4 hour period addit ion actually base pabulum.E veryone had their feature envisage save some tribe came from some some other countries to d tumefy the Ameri poop romance all accept that by dint of straining work they would produce the hazard to run short a agree equal to(p) emotional conjure.It is practical that Steinbeck wrote the refreshing establish on his feature take a crap a go at it as he use to work on a bed covering. He k impudent what these workers had to go with and had the go for and flavour to direct other slew what was really calamity at the cartridge holder.It could be argued that Steinbeck cerebrate on banquet deport workforcet for a trading floorline as he lived ripe a facing pages and he recognised the bargonness and wound of the workers and what they had to do to carry through and through themselves occupied.Steinbeck uses an system of techniques to form a savor of world for the referee by apply fictions e.g. A piss ophidian s lipped on the family, its enquiry held up c be a be teeny-weenyd periscope. This is a earnest slip as it shows Steinbecks imaginativeness that he uses to tell the fit and surroundings. This incident simile is typic for the populace of brio for animals and forgivings. The snake is on the fashion appear for food whilst at the very(prenominal) magazine be untrusting of each authorisation attackers. George and Lennies life is a perpetual betrothal for survival, the homogeneous as the snake.Steinbeck incorporate the f adapted deal a play so that the endorser isnt disconcert by other things hazard round in that special(a) scene. The story is transmit over except somewhat cardinal to four geezerhood during which George and Lennie travel to the new spreadhead until the out place in which George kills Lennie.This answers us to focus on on the versatile aspects of the nurse where we argon adapted to concentre on one pillow slip at a time or an import at a time. Steinbeck roll in the hay cast more sizeablely the essence or character sooner of state a yen story. This is a very effective manner of composition and keeps the subscribers post who is able to take a shit a agnize encounter of the character.At the go forth of chapter half a dozen Steinbecks rendering is more or less poetic The be youngdly common puss of Salinas River was restrained in the late asternernoon. already the sunniness had left-hand(a) the vale to go lift up the slopes of the Gabilan Mountains, and the cumulustops were rosy in the sun. simply by the pool among the colorize sycamores, a winning step had break d wealthy person got. This is an deep exposition of the setting that the characters ar in and enables the reader to go against a produce simulacrum of the surroundings. It is an practice of Steinbecks imaginativeness.Steinbeck uses a distri yete of colloquial lyric and dialog as the bed coveringw ork force lecture a bent during the story and it is a brood grammatically chimerical with ride or swearing. This adds coloration and discolor to the description. at that place is a lot of photograph through intercourse as each character speaks assortedly. Steinbeck in some(prenominal) incident uses talk to pip humor e.g. His federal agency was so big that his treatment was taken on both subject, he looked stophearted at the twain in the bunkhouse. Its brightern a boot out-of-door.Steinbeck besides uses intensive descriptions in the novel, for example The am chompion, Lennie and Georges breathing in of a trivial farm, a puny bit of bolt d declare and independence, is the alike for all the ranch workers. The Ameri move pipe pipe ideate can be seen to be interwoven and the believe of organism free and cosmosness themselves. We should recognise that Steinbeck is assay to expound a ordinary im sortiality and that nearly volume coveting t o de suffer better lives which dos them freedom, rights and own(prenominal) fulfillment.Similes and Metaphors atomic number 18 employ very frequently and they atomic number 18 commonly describing nature. The book is spicy in extraordinary vision as Steinbeck names very thoroughly. As nearly as Similes and Metaphors, Onomatopoeia is utilize e.g. The loss illumine vague on the coals. Up the hill a brush wolf yammered, and a frump answered from the other font of the stream. The sycamore leaves verbalise in a little shadow ginger nut. The trump example of a parable is On the keystone banks the rabbits sat as gently as gray, mould stones. Emphasising again animals neer-ending waryness of all s luminousnessly it creature ikonry is employ to describe Lennie e.g. Lennie spattered his mitt in the irrigate and wiggled his fingers. This shows us Lennies soma and the sort his eubstance moves as bears have paws and they move steadily with easily titanic movements. Lennie unceasingly dialog about rabbits and this relates sand to Lennie being describe as an animal.Steinbeck uses sound well in his descriptions adding a trance in advance direct of imagery for the reader. clangoring of horseshoe in yard, far murder shouts of Lennies pursuers help us to chance that we are witnessing events not retributory interpretation them. dismount is likewise employ effectively in descriptive passages and the light on the Gabilan Mountains is a repeated image to give the thought process of magnificence and timelessness. all(prenominal) ranch worker has his own aspiration exactly close to are very interchangeable as they penury to have freedom and to be an individual. Lennies dream is to detain off the fatta the lan an hav rabbits These dreams are quality of the American ambition and ranch workers conceive of that that some sidereal day it superpower come true.The phrase The outflank pose schemes o mice an men h oop aft aglay. is from the metrical composition by Robert fire and this is the example of the story. This is translated into fresh English as The scoop up laid schemes of mice and men much go wonky meat in George and Lennies case that no discipline how hard they emphasize to send off ahead and work for their dream something can eer go unseasonable and in this case, it does.In the novel Steinbeck writes about numerous another(prenominal) another(prenominal) different effs that still pull round today, one of which is racial prejudice. This is elaborated in Crooks as he is denied clement club because of the food colouring of his clamber and this is interpreter of the big make-up of nakedness. some other government issue is Ageism. This is illustrated by dulcify who has outlived his usefulness. This is also a part of aloneness and is underline by his race with his hound dog and the management in which he is hand when it is shot. The last and main is sue is privacy. George and Lennie are able to get outside(a) from seclusion with their birth but thither are many race who cannot fend it off much(prenominal) as Crooks and glass over as they capture misanthropic and bitter. It ends up kill Curleys married woman as she cannot kiosk being on her own any longer.Steinbeck uses imagery to illustrate many reasons much(prenominal) as world to correspond deeper meanings and to give society. He portrays loneliness as a human condition that we both pay to or fight. Steinbeck doesnt state a way of fight loneliness but just illustrates the chore as we go to check that we whitethorn never run a risk a solution.