Physical Science Lab - the motion of a marble :: essays research papers

Physical Science Lab - the motion of a marbleObjectiveThe goal of this experiment is to develop a theory, which allows us to understand the motion of a marble. MaterialsWooden roller coaster, marble, ruler, snipr, clamp, physics stand. TheoryIn this experiment, we are finding the Conservation of Energy. Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Energy is summed up into two different properties Potential capability and Kinetic energy. The law of Energy states that Total Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic EnergyOrEm = Ep + Ek Also, the equations for Potential energy and Kinetic energy are stated to get the Total Energy. They are respectively Ep = mghandEk = (m)v2 The Conservation of Energy states that energy is always constant. If say-so energy increases then kinetic energy decreases and vice versa. In this experiment we positioned a marble ball on a wooden roller coaster positioned on a physics stand in the sixth hole. Throughout the experiment, we used an electronic timer to re cord the time of the marble where it passed through the light publicise of its clamp. We positioned the clamp at a certain point on the roller coaster and measured the distance from the marble to the clamp the height of the clamp and finally the time the ball traveled through the clamp. After we recorded these different figures we mensurable the speed of the marble from the given distance traveled and the time. We repeated the step 14 times, then proceeded to graph the speed and the height. Next, we took the measurements of position of the clamp, height, and speed and calculated the potential energy, the kinetic energy, and the total energy. Total energy calculated as mentioned before. Potential energy is taking the mass (m) which is 28.1g times gravity (g) which is 9.8 m/s2 times the height. Kinetic energy is one-half times the mass (m) times velocity (v2). Finally we graphed the calculated kinetic, potential, and total energies of this experiment. For this theoretical result, the motion or speed of the marble go out have different calculations. Also, the potential energy and kinetic energy of the marble will produce a mirror effect between each other respectively. From the result of the experiment, as the height of the marble increases the speed of the marble decreases at a slow rate. DataSee attached documents.Calculation1)Speed of the Marble Speed = distance traveled by marble / time from clamp A

Expansion Of Government Power :: essays research papers

Expansion of Government Power During the Civil War and ReconstructionContrary to what I believed in the past, the United States federal presidential term retained and expanded their power and authority during the years of the Civil war along with the period of Reconstruction. Through drafts and monitored elections, they exercised this power during the Civil War. Then, as Reconstruction began, they initiated new(prenominal) methods of increasing their authority over the citizens. Military was placed in Southern states, by the federal government, in order to keep control over the unmanageable race. Not only that, but, the idea of pointting the federal government in charge of Reconstruction and rebuilding an entire nation gave them an enormous amount of power. Finally, the debut of the 14th and 15th Amendment were two more big achievements on the part of the government. In the month of April of 1862, the government issued the first draft of the Civil War. Throughout the war, they put out drafts be arouse so many men were needed to fight. Citizens were expected to obey these orders, and as the war progressed, it was harder and harder for men to avoid fighting for their country. Towards the end, the government began forcing almost every(prenominal) able man to enlist in the army. Men of ages 17-50 were drafted in the South (20-45 in the North) bodies were needed. And the government made sure that they got what they needed. Along with drafts, the federal government in any case monitored elections in order to control who the people were voting for. Ballots only contained candidates which were appropriate according to the government, and various colored slips were associated with the different nominees. Everyone could see what color slip everyone else was holding, and people holding slips that they werent supposed to were later caught and punished. The power of the federal government can also be seen during Lincolns presidency at the duration of the Civil War . He swayed the entire purpose of the war to something far off from what had been the initial purpose. From fighting for the preservation of the Union, Northerners readily began to accept that the abolition of slavery was the cause of the war for them, not the Union. Lincoln and his power made this happen.As Reconstruction began, our government was given the full responsibility of rebuilding and revising many areas of our nation. That is some incredibly power having the authority to change an entire country to what they thought was correct.

Henry Ford Essay -- Automobile automotive industry biography

Henry get over revolutionized the American automotive industry and forever changed transportation. born(p) on the morning of July 30, 1863 in a patch of Michigan woods, Henry Ford matured into the founder of the Ford Motor Co. that made the Ford ca-ca famous. The Ford Motor Co. would develop American automotive icons that continue to make a lasting impression.Henrys ancestors came to Michigan from Ireland in hope of a new living in a New World. His parents, William and Mary found success in America, unfortunately Mary died a tragic death after complications of the birth of her one-eighth child (Lacey 11). At the young age of fourteen Henry is already interested in industry and mechanics, he sees his first steam engine that gave him newfound enthusiasm to continue with his interest. Without hesitation Henry immediately gets out into the exciting working world and starts his own business with friend James Flower in 1879 called the James Flower And Brother Machine Shop. Soon m oving to Detroit, Henry uses his skills from his company to get hired at the Detroit Dry Dock Company where he meets a major inspiration, a construction engineer by the name of Frank Kirby (Lacey 24). Kirby taught Henry to Stick in his toenails and to work hard if he cute to succeed, Henry took him very seriously. Many years later Henry shows his respect to Frank when he decides to place the names of the worlds greatest inventors and scientists on his engineering research lab in Detroit. The names included Copernicus, Edison, Newton and Kirby. Henry had been working very hard lately and took a break from his industrial career to venture choke off to the family farm where he married Clara Bryant on April 11, 1888 (Lacey 32).On a quest to continue his dream of t... ... public, he succeeded in giving all of the United States vex to travel anywhere they desire. While at the same time the nations economy soared from the sales of other industries that supported his factories, su ch as rubber, steel and glass. Consumers were no chronic confined to their small towns, now they can bring their families and their money to enjoy great cities such as Detroit, where Ford got his lucky break in industry. instantly the automobile industry is stronger than ever, selling millions of cars to eager consumers. Every year new models are released with newer features and technology to lure the purchaser. Every manufacturer today should thank Ford for what it has done in the past, whether it was the assembly line, interchangeable parts, strong quality of the Model T, its undeniable what Ford has done for the industry, economy and transportation.

Mao Zedong :: essays research papers

monoamine oxidase Zedongor monoamine oxidase Tse-tung Pronounced As mou dzu-doong , 1893-1976, founder of the Peoples Republic of China. unmatched of the most prominent Communist theoreticians, Maos ideas on revolutionary struggle and guerrilla warfare were extremely influential, especially among Third World revolutionaries. Of Hunanese peasant stock, Mao was happy in Chinese classics and later received a modern education. As a young man he observed oppressive social conditions, become one of the original members of the Chinese Communist party. He organized (1920s) Kuomintang-sponsored peasant and industrial unions and directed (1926) the Kuomintangs Peasant Movement Training Institute. After the Kuomintang-Communist split (1927), Mao led the disastrous "Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan, leading to his ouster from the central committee of the party.From 1928 until 1931 Mao, with Zhu De and others, established rural soviets in the hinterlands, and built the passing Army. In 1 931 he was elected chairman of the newly established Soviet Republic of China, based in Jiangxi province. After withstanding five encirclement campaigns launched by Chiang Kai-shek, Mao led (1934-35) the Red Army on the long march (6,000 mi/9,656 km) from Jiangxi north to Yanan in Shaanxi province, emerging as the most important Communist leader. During the abet Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) the Communists and the Kuomintang continued their civil war while both were battling the Japanese invaders.The civil war continued aft(prenominal) war with Japan had ended, and in 1949, after the Communists had taken almost all of mainland China, Mao became chairman of the central giving medication council of the newly established Peoples Republic of China he was reelected to the post, the most powerful in China, in 1954. In an attempt to break with the Russian model of Communism and to imbue the Chinese people with renewed revolutionary vigor, Mao launched (1958) the Great take shape Forward. The program was a failure, 20 million people starved, and Mao withdrew temporarily from public view.The failure of this program also resulted in a break with the Soviet Union, which cut off aid. Mao accused Soviet leaders of betraying Marxism. In 1959 Liu Shaoqi, an opponent of the Great Leap Forward, replaced Mao as chairman of the central government council, but Mao retained his chairmanship of the Communist party politburo.A campaign to re-establish Maos ideological line culminated in the Cultural Revolution (1966-76). Mass mobilization, begun and led by Mao and his wife, Jiang Qing, was directed against the party leadership. Liu and others were removed from power in 1968.

Ellis Island Essay -- American History, Immigration

On December 31, 1890 a transition in history occured. New York City would start a new era in the history of the coupled States starting with the opening of Ellis Island as an immigration depo. This attracted many immigrants to the United Stated because of more job opportunities and as means to start a new life. As more immigrants came to the States, it began to be known as the land of opportunities. Immigrants coming in filled work spaces in industries with the hopes of someday becoming successful. These immigrants helped prove to other future immigrants that if you moved to America then you could start a better life for yourself and your families. On the other expire with positives come negatives and there were many involving immigration. Immigration defined means the act of coming to a foreign artless to live(Lowell, 2006). Ellis Island was responsible for millions of people entering the U.S. and during this metre the immigration station was carrying the load being accou ntable for approxametly 90% of immigrants entering the United States(Fairchild, 1996). Before Ellis Island became an immigration depot, then an immigration station the individual states of America handled immigration. On the first day of Ellis Island becoming an immigration station 700 individuals, mostly from northwest Europe, passed through. The first official immigrant being Annie Moore, a young 14 stratum old girl traveling with her two younger brothers from County Cork, Ireland(Chabotte,2009). For being the first immigrant to pass through the gates she was given a ten dollar bills piece which would help her journey into a foreign country. Along with Annie Moore the lack of money would be a major problem for future immigrants taking the like journey.... ...ns until 1954. Today Ellis Island is a part of the statue of liberty monument, this occured in 1965. In 1990 an immigration museum was created. Today any person can travel to Ellis Island and take a whole tone at many of the original immigrants belongings. Some people may even be able to connect their herritage together. At the museum images and signatures of original travelers can be seen. This country was created to escape persecution and allow a place to be formed where everyone is equal and free. Many immigrants may have come to escape, become rich, look for a job, be free to practice their own religion or just for a fresh start. This began when the first immigrants escaped Great Britain and continues even in the United States today. The United States was built by immigrants for immigrants and will continue to be the land of opportunity(Ellis,2003).

Ellis Island Essay -- American History, Immigration

On December 31, 1890 a transition in history occured. New York City would jump out a new sequence in the history of the United States starting with the opening of Ellis Island as an immigration depo. This attracted legion(predicate) immigrants to the United Stated because of more job opportunities and as means to start a new life. As more immigrants came to America, it began to be known as the land of opportunities. Immigrants coming in filled work spaces in industries with the hopes of someday bonny successful. These immigrants dish uped prove to other future immigrants that if you moved to America then you could start a better life for yourself and your families. On the other hand with positives come negatives and at that place were many involving immigration. Immigration defined means the act of coming to a foreign country to live(Lowell, 2006). Ellis Island was responsible for millions of people entering the U.S. and during this time the immigration send off was car rying the load being accountable for approxametly 90% of immigrants entering the United States(Fairchild, 1996). Before Ellis Island became an immigration depot, then an immigration station the individual states of America handled immigration. On the for the first time day of Ellis Island becoming an immigration station 700 individuals, mostly from northwest Europe, passed through. The first official immigrant being Annie Moore, a young 14 year old missy traveling with her two younger brothers from County Cork, Ireland(Chabotte,2009). For being the first immigrant to pass through the gates she was given a ten dollar gold piece which would help her journey into a foreign country. Along with Annie Moore the lack of money would be a major problem for future immigrants taking the same journey.... ...ns until 1954. Today Ellis Island is a part of the statue of liberty monument, this occured in 1965. In 1990 an immigration museum was created. Today any person can travel to Elli s Island and take a look at many of the original immigrants belongings. Some people may even be able to connect their herritage together. At the museum images and signatures of original travelers can be seen. This country was created to escape persecution and bring home the bacon a place to be formed where everyone is equal and free. Many immigrants may have come to escape, become rich, look for a job, be free to example their own religion or just for a fresh start. This began when the first immigrants escaped Great Britain and continues even in the United States today. The United States was built by immigrants for immigrants and will continue to be the land of opportunity(Ellis,2003).

Business & Ethics of Becton Dickinson and the Safety Syringe Controversy Author

Becton Dickinson has been in the middle of the controversy regarding the manufacturing, sale and monopoly of safety syringes used by hospitals, clinics, and doctor and dentist big businessmans. When the epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and other lethal and infectious diseases spread across the nation, healthcare workers were still using a conceptualization of the original type of syringe created over cl years ago ( retentivity and Carlsen, 1998 Holding and Carlsen, 1998).The healthcare workers realized that they were no longer safe and fought to get safer standards and equipment for use in the work place.By 1998, the federal patent office has given patents to over 1000 designs for safety syringes. However, only a few were on the market and their initial cost was exorbitant. Even with the Occupational Safety and wellness Administrations (OSHA) enactment of the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard in 1991, and the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act little has been truly done to protect the healthcare workers (Holding & Carlsen, 1998 Holding and Carlsen, 1998, Armstrong, 1991 Vadgama, 2002 Workers at risk, 2002).A prime example was in 2002 when it was approximated that 1600 healthcare workers could contract HIV through motivationle sticks in that year (Vadgama, 2002), with a rough estimate cost of $255,000 for the tell and indirect costs associated with that one needle stick (Armstrong, 1991).The fact that Becton Dickinson purchased a number of the patents for safer syringes, they only offered on size when they finally started to manufacture the syringe. The 3cc was fine for a few tasks in hospitals and clinics, but the 5cc and 10cc were used more often.Becton Dickinson did not offer the shielded syringes in this size, and by buying patents and negotiating with medical supply companies they did not need to make any other size.They continued to sell their original syringes (Holding & Carlson, 1998 Holding & Carlsen, 1998). These actions defined by the utilitarian approach shows that the company was doing what was good for the company. In essence, Becton Dickinson was basing their decisions on the corporate population rather than the public.After court battles and settlements the Becton Dickinson Company has finally begun to manufacture all types of safety syringes. While they are not recommended, they are made and change .The fact is that while Becton Dickinson was fighting to keep the new safety syringes from the public, Retractable Technologies, Inc created a better and safer syringe with top recommendations for safety and ease of use (Holding, 1991 Holding & Carlsen, 1998). If Becton Dickinson would have acted ethically and manufactured and researched safety syringes, they would be at the top of the industry. References Armstrong, S. E. (1991, November/December). The Cost of Needle-Stick Injuries The Impact of Safer Medical Devices. Nursing Economics. 9(6). pp. 426-433. Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http//search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hch&AN=12182254& range=ehost-liveHolding, R.(April 14, 1998).Safety Designs Proposed But Not Produced.San Francisco Chronicle.,p.A7.RetrievedJanuary 10, 2009,fromOpposing Viewpoints Resource CenterviaGale http//find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPSHolding, R.,&Carlsen, W.(April 13, 1998).Epidemic Ravages Caregivers / Thousands die from diseases contracted through needle sticks.San Francisco Chronicle.,p.A1.RetrievedJanuary 10, 2009,fromOpposing Viewpoints Resource CenterviaGale

In Dickinson’s poetry Essay

The poem A tinkers damn came batch the walk extracts how man and nature ar inter relateed and are futile to escape this permanent connection even though they whitethorn sometimes clash and not connect. Lines such(prenominal) as then hopped perspectivewise to the wall show the curtsy and human like behaviour of nature and how nature is inevitably given human qualities.In this poem we are shown the brutal and civilised grimace of nature, we see that nature is elegant from a distance how ever so as you get closer and see nature in depth you see the heinousness of nature, however even after seeing and demo us the brutality Dickinson still continues to admire nature as something beautiful. Her poem similarly shows how nature is truly free and careless since nature doe not worry about anything, it is also shown to be unforgiving. Themes of nature are also present in I heard a fly buzz and because I could not stop for death Dickinson shows transc displaceentalist views in many of her poems.Dickinson shows the clash of serviceman by saying he bit an angleworm in halves this quote shows how nature can be threatening to serviceman since an angleworm is used as bait when fishing and since the snort is eating them it shows that it is disturbing mankinds techniques of survival. The word bit implies human characteristics and highlights a connection mingled with mankind and nature, the word bit is associated with eating which shows the ineluctable interlink of man and nature.The word angleworm is capitalised showing its significance which highlights the birds unthoughtful act. This stanza has a ABCB rhyme scheme which sets the a motion in the stanza. Themes of nature are also highlighted in poem 712 by the lines Gazing Grain the word Gazing gives nature human characteristics and the capital letter G makes nature seem like something master(prenominal) and off great value and this again links to human quality since a persons name is always began with a capita l letter.Natures brutality is highlighted in the avocation(a) line w present it says And ate the fellow raw this line is quite powerful as it shows that the bird is carefree and is unforgiving, this line shows the freedom in nature since the bird does not hesitate and simply does what it wills. The word And at the beginning of the sentence is capitalised to show the significance of the birds act also it may show the vocalisers dismay or shock at the innocent looking birds act.This line is quite strong as the word raw stands out this is associated to something dangerous however it can also be seen as fragile since you may interpret it to be something naked. The word raw shows the brutality of nature and that nature has a good and bad side just like mankind who may be evil or good again linking nature to mankind al or so like a inevitable cycle.This overturn is also highlighted in the poem I heard a fly buzz where Dickinson mentions stillness in one line and in the following line she says heaves of impel these lines show the contradictory behaviour of nature it also highlights how quickly nature can change its path from something peaceful and beautiful to something brutal and disturbing, which is linked to mankind since mankind also changes paths very easily from good to evil or vice versa showing the link between mankind and nature.The word stillness associates to death or peace which shows the calm and relaxed side of nature and how it can be in favour to mankind, however the word storm associates to destruction or disaster which represents its brutality and how it can be harmful to mankind. Dickinson also highlights how mankind can disturb nature in their natural work in the line He stirred his velvet Head this shows the bird being disturbed as he has now became cautious someone is most him or is watching him this may also reflect that he may feel his privacy is being invaded which again gives the bird human qualities.The word Velvet Head shows connot ations of something regal and royal and also highlights a feminine side to the bird, this shows the connection of mankind and nature since the bird is well groomed and words such as velvet may represent some type of clothing which suggest the bird is dressed giving him human quality and characteristics showing the link between nature and mankind. The word Velvet also highlights sexual connotations as you interpret it to be something quite sexy or soft and feminine, further down in the poem the word seam is used also showing something sexual as a seam is usually referred to in context to clothes.The capitalisation of the Velvet Head again gives the bird importance and shows a status for him. In stanza three Dickinson uses words such as rapid, hurried and stir this shows a change in pace in the poem as the poem was running fairly smoothly and then these words create latent hostility and make the tone more panicked this shows the human like nature of the bird since he is given human characteristics and shows that the bird is frightened of the speaker.The theme of disturbance is shown in the poem I heard a fly buzz since throughout the poem we are being shown how nature is disturbing the death of the speaker, the speaker says there interposed a fly- which shows the disturbance the fly is causing to mankind since the speakers death is being interrupted. The word interposed associates to annoyance or distraction showing that the fly is ever present and it is not prepared to leave showing the presence of nature around mankind all the time and vice versa.The dash at the end of this line suggests that the sentence is unfinished and is maybe going to carry on, also shows the speakers attitude as maybe annoyed and not pleased. Dickinson highlights the arrogance of the bird showing the line And he unrolled his feathers this is representative of the birds ignorance to what its done, it shows that the bird has naturally carried out a act of killing and simply flown away, this line may also be catch as the bird having to move on in his life and how the bird has no set place and is on a constant journey.The word unrolled highlights a sort of arrogance in the birds body language, since the word unrolled is quite soft and nai ve suggesting he does not understand the significance of his actions and doesnt realise his mistake, this shows the clash between man and nature since Dickinson is suggesting here that the bird has no morals and this is a natural act for him, whereas mankind would be very cautious and careful of their actions and would most of the time realise there mistake.In this line there is no significant punctuation used. The poem highlights her attempt to get to nature and get to understand nature however the bird does not let her. Dickinson may represent nature as god or something more powerful then mankind and she may be implying that she is trying to understand god or this force however it is so powerful that she is failing.Themes of go d being represented in nature are also hinted in poem 465 in which Dickinson says And then the windows failed this line implies that the barrier which was interfering in Dickinson death has failed. In this poem the fly may be interpreted as Satan as it is disturbing a command given by god, puritan determine are also shown here as the fly fails to interrupt and death is successful showing that god holds the power. This shows how nature and mankind are interlinked since they can not escape each others realms.boilersuit Dickinson repeatedly shows the connection between mankind and nature as inescapable, she repeatedly shows how powerful nature is and how nature and mankind effect each other interchangeable one in danger, cautious, this shows the reader that Dickinson values nature and gives nature the same respect as she would to mankind we know this since Dickinson constantly gives nature human values and qualities. Dickinson clearly highlights her importance for nature by linking i t to god and linking it to mankind, showing her transcendentalist views.

History of Computer Virus

THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER VIRUSES A Bit of Archeology on that point atomic number 18 lots and lots of opinions on the ensure of birth of the prototypical reckoner electronic calculating machine computer computer virus. I know for sure rightful(prenominal) that there were no vir physical exercises on the Babbidge machine, provided the Univac 1108 and IBM 360/370 already had them (Pervading Animal and Christmas tree). and so the prototypic virus was innate(p) in the very beginning of 1970s or until now in the end of 1960s, although nobody was outcrying it a virus then. And with that consider the summit meetingic of the extinct fossil species closed. Journeys Start Lets talk of the latest history headland, capital of Austria, Cascade, etc.Those who started using IBM PCs as farther as in mid-80s might still remember the radical pestilential of these viruses in 1987-1989. Letters were dropping from displays, crowds of users rushing towards monitor service people ( un pleasantred of these days, when ch on the w plentyenging disk drives die from old age entirely yet virtu eithery unknow moodrn viruses be to blame). Their computers started playing a hymn called Yankee scrabble, further by then people were already clever, and nobody tried to fix their speakers very soon it became clear that this enigma wasnt with the hardw ar, it was a virus, and non sluice a single oneness, more like a dozen.And so viruses started infecting charge up cabinets. The Brain virus and bouncing ball of the Ping-pong virus marked the victory of viruses all over the thrill sector. IBM PC users of course didnt like all that at all. And so there appeared antidotes. Which was the first? I dont know, there were umpteen of them. Only few of them are still alive, and all of these anti-viruses did grow from single project up to the major software companies playing big roles on the software market. There is also an famed difference in conquering different c ountries by viruses.The first vastly spread virus in the West was a missionable one called Brain, the Vienna and Cascade file viruses appeared later. Unlike that in East Europe and Russia file viruses came first followed by bootable ones a year later. Time went on, viruses multiplied. They all were all similar in a sense, tried to get to RAM, stuck to files and sectors, periodically killing files, diskettes and hard disks. bingle of the first revelations was the Frodo. 4096 virus, which is far as I know was the first infrared virus (Stealth).This virus intercepted INT 21h, and during DOS calls to the infect files it changed the in variationation so that the file appeared to the user un infect. But this was just an overhead over MS-DOS. In less than a year electronic bugs attacked the DOS kernel (Beast. 512 Stealth virus). The predilection of in visibility continued to bear its fruits in summer of 1991 there was a stimulate of Dir_II. Yeah , said everyone who dug into it. But it was pretty easy to difference the Stealth ones once you clean RAM, you may stop worrying and just seem for the beast and cure it to your hearts content.Other, self encrypting viruses, some epochs appearing in software collections, were more vexationsome. This is because to identify and delete them it was necessary to write special subroutines, correct them. But then nobody paid attention to it, until Until the new generation of viruses came, those called polymorphous viruses. These viruses use an other approach to invisibility they encrypt themselves (in most cases), and to trace themselves later they use commands which may and may non be repeated in different infect files.Polymorphism Viral Mutation The first polymorphous virus called Chameleon became known in the early 90s, but the problem with polymorphous viruses became rattlingly serious only a year after that, in April 1991, with the worldwide epidemic of the polymorphic virus Tequila (as far as I know Russia was untouched by the epidemic the first epidemic in Russia, ca employ by a polymorphic virus, happened as late as in 1994, in three years, the virus was called Phantom1).The idea of self encrypting polymorphic viruses gained popularity and brought to life generators of polymorphic jurisprudence in early 1992 the famous Dedicated virus appears, based on the first known polymorphic generator MtE and the first in a serial of MtE-viruses shortly after that there appears the polymorphic generator itself. It is essentially an object module (OBJ file), and now to get a polymorphic mutant virus from a conventional non-encrypting virus it is sufficient to simply nexus their object modules together the polymorphic OBJ file and the virus OBJ file.Now to create a real polymorphic virus one doesnt have to dwell on the code of his own encryptor/decryptor. He may now connect the polymorphic generator to his virus and call it from the code of the virus when desired. Luckily the first MtE-virus wasnt spread and did non cause epidemics. In their turn the anti-virus developers had some period in store to prepare for the new attack. In just a year exertion of polymorphic viruses chokes a trade, followed by their avalanche in 1993. Among the viruses coming to my collection the volume of polymorphic viruses increases.It seems that one of the main directions in this uneasy job of creating new viruses becomes creation and debugging of polymorphic mechanism, the authors of viruses compete not in creating the toughest virus but the toughest polymorphic mechanism instead. This is a partial list of the viruses that can be called 100 percent polymorphic (late 1993) Bootache, CivilWar (four versions), Crusher, Dudley, Fly, Freddy, Ginger, Grog, Haifa, Moctezuma (two versions), MVF, Necros, Nukehard, PcFly (three versions), Predator, Satanbug, Sandra, Shoker, Todor, Tremor, Trigger, Uruguay (eight versions).These viruses require special manners of detection, including emulation of the viruses feasible code, mathematical algorithms of restoring parts of the code and information in virus etc. Ten more new viruses may be considered non-100 percent polymorphic (that is they do encrypt themselves but in decryption routine there always exist some nonchanging bytes) Basilisk, Daemaen, Invisible (two versions), Mirea ( some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) versions), Rasek (three versions), Sarov, Scoundrel, Seat, Silly, Simulation. However to detect them and to restore the infected objects code decrypting is still required, because the length of nonchanging code in the decryption outine of those viruses is too small. Polymorphic generators are also macrocosm developed together with polymorphic viruses. Several new ones appear utilizing more complex methods of generating polymorphic code. They become widely spread over the bulletin board outlines as archives containing object modules, documentation and prototypes of use. By the end of 1993 there are cardina l known generators of polymorphic code. They are MTE 0. 90 (Mutation Engine), TPE (Trident Polymorphic Engine), four versions NED (Nuke Encryption Device), DAME (Dark Angels Multiple Encryptor)Since then every year brought several(prenominal) new polymorphic generators, so there is little sense in publishing the entire lists. Automating Production and Viral Construction Sets Laziness is the moving force of progress (to take a crap the wheel because thats too lazy to carry mammoths to the cave). This traditional wisdom needs no comments. But only in the middle of 1992 progress in the form of automating production touched the world of viruses. On the fifth of July 1992 the first viral code construction set for IBM PC compatibles called VCL (Virus Creation Laboratory) version 1. 00 is declared for production and shipping.This set allows to generate well commented source textual matters of viruses in the form or assembly language texts, object modules and infected files themselves. VC L uses standard windowed interface. With the help of a identity card system one can choose virus type, objects to infect (COM or/and EXE), presence or absence of self encryption, measures of protection from debugging, inside text strings, ex gratia 10 additional effects etc. Viruses can use standard method of infecting a file by adding their body to the end of file, or commute files with their body destroying the original content of a file, or become companion viruses.And then it became much easier to do wrong if you want somebody to have some computer trouble just run VCL and within 10 to 15 minutes you have 30-40 different viruses you may then run on computers of your enemies. A virus to every computer The further the better. On the 27th of July the first version of PS-MPC (Phalcon/Skism Mass-Produced Code Generator). This set does not have windowed interface, it uses configuration file to generate viral source code.This file contains description of the virus the type of infec ted files (COM or EXE) nonmigratory capabilities (unlike VCL, PS-MPC can also produce resident viruses) method of installing the resident copy of the virus self encryption capabilities the ability to infect COMMAND. COM and lots of other useful information. Another construction set G2 (Phalcon/Skisms G2 0. 70 beta) has been created. It supported PS-MPC configuration files, however allowing much more options when coding the aforesaid(prenominal) functions. The version of G2 I have is dated the first of January 1993.Apparently the authors of G2 spent the bracing Years Eve in front of their computers. Theyd better have some champagne instead, this wouldnt hurt anyway. So in what way did the virus construction sets influence electronic wildlife? In my virus collection there are several hundreds of VCL and G2 based viruses over a thousand PS-MPC based viruses. So we have some other tilt in development of computer viruses the increasing number of construction set viruses more uncon cealably lazy people join the ranks of virus makers, downgrading a respectable and fictive profession of creating viruses to a mundane rough trade.Outside DOS The year 1992 brought more than polymorphic viruses and virus construction sets. The end of the year saw the first virus for Windows, which thus opened a new page in the history of virus making. Being small (less than 1K in size) and absolutely harmless this non resident virus quite proficiently infected executables of new Windows format (NewEXE) a window into the world of Windows was opened with its appearance on the scene. After some cartridge holder there appeared viruses for OS/2, and January 1996 brought the first Windows95 virus.Presently not a single week goes by without new viruses infecting non-DOS systems possibly the problem of non-DOS viruses will soon become more important than the problem of DOS viruses. Most likely the process of changing priorities will resemble the process of DOS dying and new direct system s gaining strength together with their specific programs. As soon as all the existing software for DOS will be transposed by their Windows, Windows95 and OS/2 analogues, the problem of DOS viruses becomes nonexistent and purely theoretical for computer society. The first attempt to create a virus working in 386 protected mode was also made in 1993.It was a boot virus PMBS named after a text string in its body. After boot up from infected drive this virus switched to protected mode, made itself supervisor and then loaded DOS in virtual window mode V86. Luckily this virus was born dead its second generation ref employ to give out due to several errors in the code. overly that the infected system hanged if some of the programs tried to reach outside the V86 mode, for example to determine the presence of extended memory. This unsuccessful attempt to create supervisor virus remained the only one up to spring of 1997, when one Moscow forecasting released PM.Wanderer a quite successf ul implementation of a protected mode virus. It is unclear now whether those supervisor viruses might present a real problem for users and anti-virus program developers in the future. Most likely not because such viruses must go to sleep while new operating systems (Windows 3. xx, Windows95/NT, OS/2) are up and running, allowing for easy detection and killing of the virus. But a full-scale stealth supervisor virus may mean a lot of trouble for pure DOS users, because it is absolutely impossible to detect such a stealth virus under pure DOS. big Virus EpidemicsAugust 1995. every(prenominal) the progressive humanity, The Microsoft and Bill Gates personally celebrate the release of a new operating system Windows95. With all that noise the message well-nigh a new virus using basically new methods of infection came virtually unnoticed. The virus infected Microsoft Word documents. Frankly it wasnt the first virus infecting Word documents. sooner before anti-virus companies had the fir st experimental example of a virus on their hands, which copied itself from one document to another. However nobody paid serious attention to that not quite successful experiment.As a result virtually all the anti-virus companies appeared not ready to what came next macro virus epidemics and started to work out right away but inadequate steps in order to put an end to it. For example several companies nigh simultaneously released documents- anti-viruses, acting along about the same lines as did the virus, but destroying it instead of propagation. By the way it became necessary to correct anti-virus literature in a hurry because earlier the question, Is it possible to infect a computer by simply reading a file had been answered by a definite No way with lengthy proofs of that. As for the virus which by that time got its name, Concept, continued its ride of victory over the planet. Having most probably been released in some division of Microsoft Concept ran over thousands if not zillions of computers in no time it all. Its not unusual, because text flip in the format of Microsoft Word became in fact one of the industry standards, and to get infected by the virus it is sufficient just to open the infected document, then all the documents edited by infected copy of Word became infected too.As a result having received an infected file over the mesh and opened it, the unsuspecting user became infection peddler, and if his correspondence was made with the help of MS Word, it also became infected Therefore the possibility of infecting MS Word multiplied by the revive of Internet became one of the most serious problems in all the history of existence of computer viruses. In less than a year, sometime in summer of 1996, there appeared the Laroux virus, infecting Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. As it had been with Concept, these new virus was discovered almost simultaneously in several companies.The same 1996 witnessed the first macro virus construction sets, then in the beginning of 1997 came the first polymorphic macro viruses for MS Word and the first viruses for Microsoft Office97. The number of various macro viruses also increased steadily reaching several hundreds by the summer of 1997. Macro viruses, which have opened a new page in August 1995, using all the experience in virus making accumulated for almost 10 years of continuous work and enhancements, actually do present the biggest problem for modern virology.Chronology of Events Its time to give a more detailed description of events. Lets start from the very beginning. Late 1960s early 1970s Periodically on the mainframes at that period of time there appeared programs called the rabbit. These programs cloned themselves, occupied system resources, thus lowering the productivity of the system. Most probably rabbits did not copy themselves from system to system and were strictly local phenomena mistakes or pranks by system programmers table service these computers.The first inciden t which may be well called an epidemic of a computer virus, happened on the Univax 1108 system. The virus called Pervading Animal merged itself to the end of executable files virtually did the same thing as thousands of modern viruses do. The first half of 1970s The Creeper virus created under the Tenex operating system used ball-shaped computer networks to spread itself. The virus was capable of entering a network by itself by modem and transfer a copy of itself to remote system. The Reeper anti-virus program was created to fight this virus, it was the first known anti-virus program.Early 1980s Computers become more and more popular. An increasing number of program appears written not by software companies but by private persons, moreover, these programs may be freely distributed and exchanged through ordinary access servers BBS. As a result there appears a big number of miscellaneous Trojan horses, programs, doing some kind of harm to the system when started. 1981 Elk Cloner bootable virus epidemics started on Apple II computers. The virus wedded itself to the boot sector of diskettes to which there were calls.It showed itself in many ways turned over the display, made text displays blink and showed various messages. 1986 The first IBM PC virus Brain pandemic began. This virus infecting 360 KB diskettes became spread over the world almost momentarily. The secret of a success like this late probably in total unpreparedness of computer society to such a phenomenon as computer virus. The virus was created in Pakistan by brothers Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi. They left a text message inside the virus with their name, address and telephone number.According to the authors of the virus they were software vendors, and would like to know the extent of piracy in their country. Unfortunately their experiment left the borders of Pakistan. It is also enkindle that the Brain virus was the first stealth virus, too if there was an attempt to read the infected sector , the virus substituted it with a clean original one. Also in 1986 a programmer named Ralph Burger found out that a program can create copies of itself by adding its code to DOS executables. His first virus called VirDem was the demonstration of such a capability.This virus was announced in December 1986 at an underground computer forum, which consisted of hackers, specializing at that time on cracking VAX/VMS systems (Chaos Computer Club in Hamburg). 1987 Vienna virus appears. Ralph Burger, whom we already now, gets a copy of this virus, disassembles it, and publishes the result in his book Computer Viruses a High-tech Disease. Burgers book made the idea of writing viruses popular, explained how to do it, and therefore stimulated creating up hundreds and in thousands of computer viruses, in which some of the ideas from his book were implemented.Some more IBM PC viruses are being written independently in the same year. They are Lehigh, infecting the COMMAND. COM file only Suriv-1 a. k. a. April1st, infecting COM files Suriv-2, infecting (for the first time ever) EXE files and Suriv-3, infecting both COM and EXE files. There also appear several boot viruses (Yale in USA, Stoned in New Zealand, PingPong in Italy), and the first self encrypting file virus Cascade. Non-IBM computers are also not forgotten several viruses for Apple Macintosh, Commodore Amiga and Atari ST have been detected.In December of 1987 there was the first total epidemics of a network virus called Christmas Tree, written in REXX language and bed covering itself under the VM/CMS operating environments. On the ninth of December this virus was introduced into the Bitnet network in one of West German universities, then via gateway it got into the European donnish Research Network (EARN) and then into the IBM Vnet. In four days (Dec. 13) the virus paralyzed the network, which was overflowing with copies of it (see the desk clerk example several pages earlier).On start-up the virus turnout an im age of the Christmas tree and then sent copies of itself to all the network users whose addresses were in the corresponding system files NAMES and NETLOG. 1988 On Friday the 13 1988 several companies and universities in many countries of the world got acquainted with the Jerusalem virus. On that day the virus was destroying files which were attempted to be run. Probably this is one of the first MS-DOS viruses which caused a real pandemic, there were word about infected computers from Europe, America and the Middle East.Incidentally the virus got its name after one of the places it stroke the Jerusalem University. Jerusalem together with several other viruses (Cascade, Stoned, Vienna) infected thousands of computers still being unnoticed anti-virus programs were not as common then as they are now, many users and even professionals did not believe in the existence of computer viruses. It is notable that in the same year the legendary computer guru Peter Norton announced that comput er viruses did not exist. He declared them to be a myth of the same kind as alligators in New York sewers.Nevertheless this delusion did not prevent Symantec from showtime its own anti-virus project Norton Anti-virus after some time. Notoriously false messages about new computer viruses started to appear, causing panic among the computer users. One of the first virus hoaxes of this kind belongs to a Mike RoChenle (pronounced very much like Microchannel), who uploaded a lot of messages to the BBS systems, describing the supposed virus copying itself from one BBS to another via modem using speed 2400 baud for that. Funny as it may seem many users gave up 2000 baud standard of that time and lowered the speed of their modems to 1200 baud. sympathetic hoaxes appeared even now. The most famous of them so far are GoodTimes and Aol4Free. November 1988 a total epidemic of a network virus of Morris (a. k. a. Internet Worm). This virus infected more than 6000 computer systems in USA (includin g NASA research Institute) and practically paralyzed their work. Because of erratic code of the virus it sent unlimited copies of itself to other network computers, like the Christmas Tree twist around virus, and for that reason completely paralyzed all the network resources. Total losses caused by the Morris virus were estimated at 96 millions of dollars.This virus used errors in operating systems Unix for VAX and Sun Microsystems to propagate. Besides the errors in Unix the virus utilized several more original ideas, for example picking up user passwords. A more detailed story of this virus and the corresponding incidents may be found in a rather detailed and interesting articles. December 1988 the while of worm viruses continues this time in DECNet. Worm virus called HI. COM output and image of spruce and informed users that they should stop computing and have a good time at home There also appeared new anti-virus programs for example, Doctors Solomons Anti-virus Toolkit, being one of the most powerful anti-virus software presently. 1989 New viruses Datacrime, FuManchu appear, as do the whole families like Vacsina and Yankee. The first one acted extremely dangerously from October 13th to December 31st it formatted hard disks. This virus broke free and caused total hysteria in the mass media in Holland and Great Britain. September 1989 1 more anti-virus program begins shipping IBM Anti-virus. October 1989 one more epidemic in DECNet, this time it was worm virus called WANK Worm.December 1989 an incident with a Trojan horse called AIDS. 20,000 copies were shipped on diskettes marked as AIDS Information Diskette magnetic declination 2. 0. After 90 boot-ups the Trojan program encrypted all the filenames on the disk, making them invisible (setting a hidden attribute) and left only one file readable bill for $189 payable to the address P. O. Box 7, Panama. The author of this program was apprehended and sent to jail. One should note that in 1989 there began total epidemics of computer viruses in Russia, caused by the same Cascade, Jerusalem and Vienna, which besieged the computers of Russian users.Luckily Russian programmers pretty quickly discovered the principles of their work, and virtually at once there appeared several domestic anti-viruses, and AVP (named -V) those time, was one of them. My first acquaintance with viruses (this was the Cascade virus) replaced in the world 1989 when I found virus on my office computer. This particular(prenominal) fact influenced my decision to change careers and create anti-virus programs. In a month the second incident (Vacsina virus) was closed with a help of the first version of my anti-virus -V (minus-virus), several years later renamed to AVP AntiViral Toolkit Pro.By the end of 1989 several scores of viruses herded on Russian lands. They were in order of appearance two versions of Cascade, several Vacsina and Yankee viruses, Jerusalem, Vienna, Eddie, PingPong. 1990 This year brought sever al notable events. The first one was the appearance of the first polymorphic viruses Chameleon (a. k. a. V2P1, V2P2, and V2P6). Until then the anti-virus programs used masks fragments of virus code to look for viruses. After Chameleons appearance anti-virus program developers had to look for different methods of virus detection.The second event was the appearance of Bulgarian virus production factory enormous amounts of new viruses were created in Bulgaria. Disease wears the entire families of viruses Murphy, Nomenclatura, Beast (or 512, Number-of-Beast), the modifications of the Eddie virus etc. A certain Dark retaliator became extremely active, making several new viruses a year, utilizing fundamentally new algorithms of infecting and covering of the tracks in the system. It was also in Bulgaria that the first BBS opens, dedicated to exchange of virus code and information for virus makers.In July 1990 there was an incident with PC Today computer magazine (Great Britain). It conta ined a floppy disk infected with DiskKiller virus. More than 50,000 copies were sold. In the second half of 1990 there appeared two Stealth monsters Frodo and Whale. Both viruses utilized extremely complicated stealth algorithms on top of that the 9KB Whale used several levels of encrypting and anti-debugging techniques. 1991 Computer virus population grows continuously, reaching several hundreds now.Anti-viruses also show increasing activity two software monsters at once (Symantec and Central Point) issue their own anti-virus programs Norton Anti-virus and Central Point Anti-virus. They are followed by less known anti-viruses from Xtree and Fifth Generation. In April a full-scale epidemic broke out, caused by file and boot polymorphic virus called Tequila, and in September the same kind of story happened with Amoeba virus. Summer of 1991 Dir_II epidemic. It was a link virus using fundamentally new methods of infecting files. 1992Non-IBM PC and non-MS-DOS viruses are virtually for gotten holes in global access network are closed, errors corrected, and network worm viruses lost the ability to spread themselves. File-, boot- and file-boot viruses for the most widely spread operating system (MS-DOS) on the most popular computer model (IBM PC) are beseeming more and more important. The number of viruses increases in geometrical to progression various virus incidents happen almost every day. Miscellaneous anti-virus programs are being developed, dozens of books and several periodic magazines on anti-viruses are being printed.A few things stand out Early 1992 the first polymorphic generator MtE, serving as a base for several polymorphic viruses which follow almost immediately. Mte was also the prototype for a few forthcoming polymorphic generators. contact 1992 Michelangelo virus epidemics (a. k. a. March6) and the pursual hysteria took place. Probably this is the first known case when anti-virus companies made fuss about this virus not to protect users from any kind of danger, but lure attention to their product, that is to create profits.One American anti-virus company actually announced that on the 6th of March the information on over five million computers will be destroyed. As a result of the fuss after that the profits of different anti-virus companies jumped several times in reality only about 10,000 computers suffered from that virus. July 1992 The first virus construction sets were made, VCL and PS-MPC. They made large flow of new viruses even larger. They also stimulated virus makers to create other, more powerful, construction sets, as it was done by MtE in its area.Late 1992 The first Windows virus appears, infecting this OSs executables, and starts a new page in virus making. 1993 Virus makers are starting to do some serious damage besides hundreds of mundane viruses which are no different than their counterparts, besides the whole polymorphic generators and construction sets, besides new electronic editions of virus makers t here appear more and more viruses, using highly unusual ways of infecting files, introducing themselves into the system etc. The main examples are PMBS, wording in Intel 80386 protected mode. Strange (or Hmm) a masterpiece of Stealth technology, however fulfilled on the level of hardware interrupts INT 0Dh and INT 76h. Shadowgard and Carbunkle, which widened debt range of algorithms of companion viruses. Emmie, Metallica, Bomber, Uruguay and Cruncher the use of fundamentally new techniques of hiding of its own code inside the infected files. In spring of 1993 Microsoft made its own anti-virus MSAV, based on CPAV by Central Point. 1994 The problem of CD viruses is getting more important. Having quickly gained popularity CD disks became one of the main means of spreading viruses.There are several simultaneous cases when a virus got to the master disk when preparing the batch CDs. As a result of that a fairly large number (tens of thousands) of infected CDs hit the market. Of course they cannot be cured, they just have to be destroyed. Early in the year in Great Britain there popped out two extremely complicated polymorphic viruses, SMEG. Pathogen and SMEG. Queeg (even now not all the anti-virus programs are able to give 100% correct detection of these viruses). Their author placed infected files to a BBS, causing real panic and fear of epidemics in mass media.Another wave of panic was created by a message about a supposed virus called GoodTimes, spreading via the Internet and infecting a computer when receiving E-mail. No such virus really existed, but after some time there appeared a usual DOS virus containing text string Good Times. It was called GT-Spoof. Law enforcement increases its activities in Summer of 1994 the author of SMEG was sorted out and arrested. Approximately at the same time also in Great Britain there was arrested an entire group of virus makers, who called themselves ARCV (Association for Really Cruel Viruses).Some time later one more auth or of viruses was arrested in Norway. There appear some new unusual enough viruses January 1994 Shifter the first virus infecting object modules (OBJ files). Phantom1 the cause of the first epidemic of polymorphic virus in Moscow. April 1994 SrcVir the virus family infecting program source code (C and Pascal). June 1994 OneHalf one of the most popular viruses in Russia so far starts a total epidemics. September 1994 3APA3A a boot-file virus epidemic. This virus uses a highly unusual way of incorporating into MS-DOS.No anti-virus was ready to meet such kind of a monster. In 1994 (Spring) one of the anti-virus leaders of that time Central Point ceased to exist, acquired by Symantec, which by that time managed to swallow several minor companies, working on anti- viruses Peter Norton Computing, Cetus International and Fifth Generation Systems. 1995 cryptograph in particular among DOS viruses happens, although there appear several complicated enough monster viruses like NightFal l, Nostardamus, Nutcracker, also some amusive viruses like bisexual virus RMNS and BAT virus Winstart.The ByWay and DieHard2 viruses become widespread, with news about infected computers coming from all over the world. February 1995 an incident with Microsoft Windows95 demos disks are infected by Form. Copies of these disks were sent to beta testers by Microsoft one of the testers was not that lazy and tested the disks for viruses. Spring 1995 two anti-virus companies ESaSS (ThunderBYTE anti-virus) and Norman Data demurrer (Norman Virus Control) announce their alliance. These companies, each making powerful enough anti- viruses, joined efforts and started working on a joint anti-virus system.August 1995 one of the turning points in the history of viruses and anti-viruses there has actually appeared the first alive virus for Microsoft Word (Concept). In some month the virus tripped around the world, pesting the computers of the MS Word users and becoming a firm No. 1 in statistic research held by various computer titles. 1996 January 1996 two notable events the appearance of the first Windows95 virus (Win95. Boza) and the epidemics of the extremely complicated polymorphic virus Zhengxi in St. Petersburg (Russia). March 1996 the first Windows 3. virus epidemic. The name of the virus is Win. Tentacle. This virus infected a computer network a hospital and in several other institutions in France. This event is especially interesting because this was the FIRST Windows virus on a spree. in the beginning that time (as far as I know) all the Windows viruses had been living only in collections and electronic magazines of virus makers, only boot viruses, DOS viruses and macro viruses were known to ride free. June 1996 OS2. AEP the first virus for OS/2, correctly infecting EXE files of this operating system.Earlier under OS/2 there existed only the viruses writing themselves instead of file, destroying it or acting as companions. July 1996 Laroux the first virus for Microsoft Excel caught live (originally at the same time in two oil making companies in Alaska and in southern African Republic). The idea of Laroux, like that of Microsoft Word viruses, was based on the presence of so-called macros (or Basic programs) in the files. Such programs can be include into both electronic spreadsheets of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word documents.As it turned out the Basic language built into Microsoft Excel also allows to create viruses. December 1996 Win95. cowman the first memory resident virus for Windows95. It stays in the Windows memory as a VxD driver, hooks file access and infects Windows EXE files that are opened. In general the year 1996 is the start of widespread virus intervention into the Windows32 operating system (Windows95 and WindowsNT) and into the Microfoft Office actions. During this and the next year several dozens of Windows viruses and several hunsdreds of macro viruses appeared. umpteen of them used new technologies and method s of infection, including stealth and polymorphic abilities. That was the next round of virus evolution. During two years they repeated the way of improving similar to DOS viruses. timbre by step they started to use the same features that DOS viruses did 10 years beforehand, but on next technological level. 1997 February 1997 Linux. Bliss the first virus for Linux (a Unix clone). This way viruses occupied one more biological niche. February-April 1997 macro viruses migrated to Office97.The first of them turned out to be only converted to the format macro viruses for Microsoft Word 6/7, but also virtually immediately there appeared viruses aimed at Office97 documents exclusively. March 1997 ShareFun macro-virus hitting Microsoft Word 6/7. It uses is not only standard features of Microsoft Word to propagate but also sends copies of itself via MS-Mail. April 1997 Homer the first network worm virus, using File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for propagation. June 1997 There appears the firs t self encrypting virus for Windows95. This virus of Russian origin has been sent to several BBS is in Moscow which caused an epidemic.November 1997 The Esperanto virus. This is the first virus that intends to infect not only DOS and Windows32 executable files, but also spreads into the Mac OS (Macintosh). Fortunately, the virus is not able to spread cross the platforms because of bugs. December 1997 new virus type, the so-called mIRC Worms, came into being. The most popular Windows Internet Relay Chat (IRC) utility known as mIRC proved to be hole allowing virus scripts to transmit themselves along the IRC-channels. The next IRC version blocked the hole and the mIRC Worms vanished. The KAMI ltd. nti-virus department has braked away from the mother company constituting the independent one what, certainly, is considered the main event of 1997. Currently the company known as Kaspersky Labs and proved to be a recognized leader of the anti-virus industry. Since 1994 the AntiViral Toolkit Pro (AVP) anti-virus scanner, main product of the company, constantly shows high results while being tested by various test laboratories of all world. Creation of an independent company gave the chance to the at first small group of developers to gain the lead on the domestic market and prominence on the world one.For short run versions for practically all popular platforms were developed and released, the new anti-virus solutions offered, the international distribution and the product support networks created. October 1997 the agreement on licensing of AVP technologies use in F-Secure Anti-Virus (FSAV) was signed. The F-Secure Anti-Virus (FSAV) package was the DataFellows (Finland) new anti-virus product. Before DataFellows was known as the F-PROT anti-virus package manufacturer. 1997 was also the year of several scandals between the anti-virus main manufacturers in US and Europe.At the year beginning McAfee has announced that its experts have detected a feature in the antivirus p rograms of Dr. Solomon, one of its main competitors. The McAfee testimony stated that if the Dr. Solomons antivirus while scanning detects several virus-types the program switches to the advanced scanning mode. What means that while scanning some uninfected computer the Dr. Solomons anti-virus operates in the usual mode and switches to the advanced mode blind mode according to McAfee enabling the application to detect the invisible for the usual mode viruses while testing virus collections.Consequently the Dr. Solomons anti-virus shows both good speed while scanning uninfected disks and good virus detection ability while scanning virus collections. A bit later Dr. Solomon stroked back objective McAfee of the incorrect advertising campaign. The claims were raised to the text The Number One Choice Worldwide. No Wonder The Doctors Left Town. At the same time McAfee was in the court together with Trend Micro, another antivirus software manufacturer, concerning the Internet and e-ma il data scanning technology patent violation.Symantec also turned out to be involved in the cause and accused McAfee of using the Symantec codes in the McAfee products. And etc. The year completion by one more noteworthy event think to McAfee-name was marked McAfee Associates and Network General have declared consolidation into the new born Network Associates company and positioning of their services not only on the anti-virus protection software market, but also on the markets of computer safety universal systems, encryption and network administration. From this the virus and anti-virus history point McAfee would correspond to NAI. 998 The virus attack on MS Windows, MS Office and the network applications does not weaken. There arose new viruses employing still more complex strokes while infecting computers and advanced methods of network-to-computer penetration. Besides numerous the so-called Trojans, stealing Internet access passwords, and several kinds of the possible adminis tration utilities came into the computer world. Several incidents with the infected CDs were revealed Some computer media publishers distributed CIH and Marburg (the Windows viruses) through CDs attached to the covers of their issues, with infected.The year beginning Epidemic of the Win32. HLLP. DeTroie virus family, not just infecting Windows32 execute files but also capable to transmit to the owner the information on the computer that was infected, shocked the computer world. As the viruses used specific libraries attached only to the French version of Windows, the epidemic has affected just the French speaking countries. February 1998 One more virus type infecting the Excel tables Excel4. Paix (aka Formula. Paix) was detected.This type of a macro virus while rooting into the Excel tables does not employ the usual for the kind of viruses macro area but formulas that proved to be capable of the self-reproduction code accommodation. February March 1998 Win95. HPS and Win95. Marbur g the first polymorphous Windows32-viruses were detected and furthermore they were in-the-wild. The anti-virus programs developers had nothing to do but rush to adjust the polymorphous viruses detecting technique, designed so far just for DOS-viruses, to the new conditions.March 1998 AccessiV the first Microsoft Access virus was born. There was no any boom about that (as it was with Word. Concept and Excel. Laroux viruses) as the computer society already got used to that the MS Office applications go down thick and fast. March 1998 The Cross macro-virus, the first virus infecting two different MS Office applications Access and Word, is detected. Hereupon several more viruses transferring their codes from one MS Office application to the other have emerged. may 1998 The RedTeam virus infects Windows EXE-files and dispatches the infected files through Eudora e-mail. June 1998 The Win95. CIH virus epidemic at the beginning was mass, then became global and then turned to a kind of computer holocaust quantity of messages on computer networks and home personal computers infection came to the measure out of hundreds if not thousands pierces. The epidemic beginning was registered in mainland China where some unknown hacker mailed the infected files to local Internet conferences.Therefrom virus has made the way to USA where through the staff backsliding infected at once several popular Web servers that started to distribute infected game programs. Most likely these infected files on game servers brought about this computer holocaust that dominated the computer world all the year. According to the popularity ratings the virus pushed Word. CAP and Excel. Laroux to second cabin. One should also pay attention to the virus dangerous manifestation depending on the current date the virus erased Flash BIOS what in some conditions could kill motherboard.August 1998 Nascence of the sensational BackOrifice (Backdoor. BO) utility of latent (hackers) management of remote computers and networks. After BackOrifice some other similar programs NetBus, Phase and other came into being. Also in August the first virus infecting the Java executed files Java. StangeBrew was born. The virus was not any danger to the Internet users as there was no way to employ critical for the virus replication functions on any remote computer. However it revealed that even the Web servers browsers could be attacked by viruses.November 1998 VBScript. Rabbit The Internet expansion of computer parasites proceeded by three viruses infecting VisualBasic scripts (VBS files), which being actively used in Web pages development. As the logical consequence of VBScript-viruses the full value HTML-virus (HTML. Internal) was born to life. Virus-writers obviously turned their efforts to the network applications and to the creation of full value Network Worm-Virus that could employ the MS Windows and Office options, infect remote computers and Web-servers or/and could aggressively repl icate itself through e-mail.The anti-virus manufacturers world was also considerably rearranged. In May 1998 Symantec and IBM announced the union of their forces on the anti-virus market. The collective product would be under the Norton Anti-Virus trade mark distributed and the IBM Anti-Virus (IBMAV) program is liquidated. Response of the main competitors, Dr. Solomon and NAI (former McAfee), followed immediately. They issued the press-releases offering the IBM product users to promotionally replace the dead anti-virus with their own products. Less then one month later Dr. Solomon committed suicide. The

Moving to a New Country

Moving to a foreign country might sound like a big adventure. One of the things that willing happen when you go to a tender place (even on vacation) is that you compare everything to how its tooshie home. This means that you will compare food, quality of life, weather, peoples habits, beliefs, and ever thing between. Subsequently, moving to a foreign country is big terrible for approximately people, and it could be normal for others. Through my experience, when you decide to instill to a naked country or new place. you have to start with first step.Do not spend too much time thinking. For example if you decides to move to Canada to complete your studies, get your first step by doing the Canadian visa. In addition, keep your personal and your family life separate. For example, do not stay in your back home because your personals life or your family. The goal of this point is dont spend much time thinking, and that will help you to light upon your goal. Secondly, moving to a new country might be difficult especially when they dont speak your native language, then you be upset out.In addition to that, learning a new language could takes a long time so that you can understand their culture. For instance, when you move from Korea to Canada you will figure new language and new culture. So, try to make your life there funny by going with your friends and that will make your time run quickly. Next, adapting with a new country or a new culture might takes a long time. Moreover, you need to learn every day about this new culture by talking and making friends.Also, try to going walk in your new city, and see their people, or try to have fun with your new friends. As an example, do not move to a new city to staying in your house that will make you feel boring. By following these go you will feel you are in your back home and not expatriate. In conclusion, Moving to a new country could be difficult for some people and easy for some. You can find that easy by follo wing some steps that will help you such as, speaking their language, adapting with their culture, and try making friends. I hope everyone adapts with his/her new life.

Economic Growth and environmental problems Essay

The industrial revolution, which began around 1750, ushered human beings into a new era of modern civilization. While the remarkable progress in science and technology has amend peoples lives greatly, our earth is changing and the environment around us is becoming worse and worse. According to Booth (1991, p.552), the long-run economical harvest-feast relies on the creation of new industries and new forms of economic activity, these new forms of economic activity create new kinds of environmental riddles. Focusing on these aspects, the economic growth give bring about dangerous environmental problems such(prenominal) as water pollution, air pollution, ozone depletion, and acid fall.One of environmental problems is water pollution that is caused by economic growth and is very widespread and serious in the world. Industrial wastewater is one of the water pollution that people are focusing on nowadays. As we know, with economic growth, there must be setting up more than industr ial factories in order to see peoples needs. On the otherwise hand, more or less, these industrial factories will drain off wastewater as we know, these wastewater contain more toxic and harmful chemical substances, such as, SO2, NO, waste gases and some other aromatic compounds. Therefore, we can see that the rapid growth of the urban industry and the high speed of economic development caused a great deal of effect on water pollution in particular on industrial wastewater.In addition, with the rapid economic growth, some out of see used water supply systems in maturation countries can result in water pollution, especially in the inhabited mega-cities. The population in developing country mega-cities is increase so fast that the piped water supply and sewer systems cannot follow the needs of the increasing population. Many sewer networks in developing countries alleviate stay at the standard of colonial period. Therefore, most rivers and canals in developing countries are e arnestly polluted by untreated waste, sewage and toxic chemicals. near rivers like the Teito River in Sao Paolo and the Huangpu River in Shanghai have become lifeless rivers (Rampal &Sinding, 1996). As the same time thatthe surface water is polluted, various wastes also seriously defile ground water. In the Journal 2000, Planets Earth at the Crossroads, the author Jim Motavalli showed in developing countries, more than one-third of people lack entree to clean water(1999). Meanwhile, water pollution also aggravates water shortages.With rapid economic growth, the increasing human activity is the major reason for air pollution, especially on world-wide warming, acid rain and smog. Obvious climate changes are the results of a great deal of human-caused greenhouse gas emission. In order to satisfy the needs of continued population and economic growth, people burn more fossil fuel to get enough energy and use more fertilizer on farmland to plant more crops. In these processes, lots of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO) are released in to the atmosphere. These gases are generally called greenhouse gases because they can clear infrared radiation reflected from the earth surface and create Greenhouse Effect. According to Rogers & Feiss (1998,p.301), with the increasing atmosphere concentration of CO2 and CH4 since 1800, the average temperature of the earth travel about 0.5 C during the 19th century, which is about 20 times the natural temperature change.And based on the prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (in Rogers & Feiss, 1998, p.301) in early 1996, the global temperature will increase from 2 C to 6 C by the year 2100. Some evidence supports that the prediction about global warming is true. For example, except for1991 and 1992, the rest eight years from 1985 to1995 have become the hottest years of the past century among this decade, the average temperature in 1995 was 0.07 C higher than in 1994. With this rising rate, the global temperature will increase over 7 C by the end of the 21st century (Rogers & Feiss, 1998, pp.300-302). Thus, we can how the global temperature has been changed by increasing human activities accompanied by fast economic growth during past 200 years.Global warming may result in some serious consequences, such as the expansion of tropical desert and arid regions the reduction of agricultural production in tropical area the increase of sea direct population migration from coastlines to inland and abnormal weather including more tropicalstorm, blizzards, and droughts and so on. The increasing emission of greenhouse gases will continue to affect the global worming more obvious than before. Up to now, people had no idea how to solve these potential environmental problems that will be caused by global warming.Widespread acid rain and smog comes from burning large amount of oil and coal. All kinds of automobiles, factories, industrial boilers, power plants as well as heating devices of households emit thousands tons reciprocal ohm dioxide(SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide(CO) and ozone(O3) into the atmosphere everyday. When SO2 and NO2 dissolve in rainwater and increase rainwater acidity, acid rain is formed. Acid rain can acidify many lakes and streams, and it kills all kinds of fish it also can erode soil and make plants die. Now, in the eastern United States, eastern Canada, as well as Europe, the problem of acid rain is severe. On the other hand, these gases compound with water and dust in the atmosphere, and then form smog. Smog usually stays in the populous mega-cities and contributes to lung decease. 100 years ago, London was famous for its smog. Now, most of the 20 largest cities in the world have smog problem to some degree. Human-caused air pollution is heavy peoples health and our environment.People have entered the new millennium. The global environment has been changing over time due to rapid economic growth. Meanwhil e, the economic growth will be ongoing. It is difficult to control the environmental problems that caused by economic growth although people are trying to make some policies to put and minimize these serious problems. Up to now, rapidly increasing economic growth has seriously influenced the earth environment. All activities are due to the need of population growth and economic development. With economic growth continuing, the environment will worsen. Therefore, to reduce the worlds environmental problems, it is important to control economic growth.

Reason for Returning to School Essay

The reason of why I decided to go back to school and obtain my Bachelor Degree has never been anything out of the ordinary. In nows society, I see many working adults pursuing their degrees to obtain warrantor and self-fulfillment. While others are looking for the resurrectment in pay and mooring in their current or new job. There are even those who need to gain more office in their skills to do a estimable job for their company and they feel that by getting a degree, they passel achieve this goal. All of them pertain to me. Especially to todays current economy, I strongly feel that there is a great advantage to having a degree versus to not having one when it comes to searching for a job.More and more apiece year, I see new programs for education that are designed for working adults. If there were no real demand for these programs, I believe they would not exist. just that demand is real. There is a larger competitive environment in the work force now then there was a few days ago. With many new and fresh graduates coming out of college, I feel the pressure to increase my credentials to be able to compete. Even though I have built my convey through years of on the job education, I feel that by obtaining a graduate or even undergrad degree is the only commission to secure my position against the growing population of new graduates. I believe that you must continue updating your skills to keep up with this very competitive market.Then, there are those current working adults who are al checky established in their field, and would like to find a way to increase their potential of getting a raise or promotion. By obtaining a degree, this can show the managers how much value of an employee you are to the company. To have the qualifications and experience can give you a better success rate of getting the raise or promotion that you would ask for. Its a way of interchange yourself and your worth. With a degree, you just are more armed to the task of req uesting for an advancement. Once I have obtained my degree, I can then see myself seriously requesting for an advance of my pay and position from my manager.Most importantly is the ability to feel confident in doing your job and tohave that credential to show people. There were many projects that I have been involved in that required myself to learn new skills. One example was learning how to program in Visual Basic 6 to cook an interface GUI for one of our robot systems. Another accomplishment that I achieved was generating a database for system files used by our integration department. In almost distributively project, there were other managers involved besides my own manager. And each one had their doubts in my ability to succeed in the project. I have yet to fail, but each time a new project is started, these doubts from these managers come along with them. Even though I have five-years of experience in my field, I can see that it is harder to prove your ability in your skills with out a four-year degree. It is also much harder to have the confidence in yourself when there are others that lack that confidence in you. That is why I can see by obtaining a degree can benefit me in many ways besides security and advancement in pay and position.There are times that I try to imagine how different it would be one I have take in my degree. And each time all I can imagine are anything but positive results. Sure, there are concerns and sacrifices that I would need to make mess the road. Sacrifice like time. Time with my family and time for myself. But what is a couple of years of sacrifice compared to a lifetime of advancement? I once read an article about a successful businessman and how he achieved his goals by following one philosophy he recited to himself everyday. He believed the reward in terms of happiness is directly proportional to the sacrifice that each one makes. Great philosophy. And I try to live it everyday.

Physical Security Essay

Securing earningss or governing bodys within intros and corporations is non enough. At present, bail is not only concerned with the ethereal aspect of it however also with the tangible dynamics of strong-arm protective c everyplaceing. Although physical pledge seems too basic, establishing even the most civilise network protective covering is useless if its physical environment does not keep it sheltered and protected. earnest threats that consider something to do with the physical aspect of institutions include burglary and theft.In this case, even the most established digital auspices system that functions within the computer networks will not be able to prevent these crimes. A break-dance in physical protection makes the network or digital system of the institution susceptible to king interruptions that disrupts the security measures system, addition of hardware devices that may used to hack or spy into the system, removal of hardware devices that paralyzes the s ystem, copying confidential data from the system through USBs, CDs, and such, logging in the system directly without authorization, and so forth Stewart, 2004)The importance of high standard physical security systems and policies en undisputable that aforementioned situations that seek to jeopardize the mail service of institutions that might affect all(prenominal) its aspects, especially its finances, are avoided. Having a secure digital system is impressive, scarce having a secure digital system and physical environment is highly recommended. To uphold high fictional character standards of security, both the digital and physical aspects of security should be merged. Sturgeon (2004) defines this as marrying digital and physical security. sensible security involves the use of high-tech gadgets such as cameras that will be used for close monitoring, 24-hour video reporting and storage, video recording triggered by movements, wireless and mobile installments within the physical e nvironment, etc. (Physical Security, 2008) The physical security approach is based on intravenous feeding principles or strategies. First, physical security follows the necessity of protecting the network or institution, detecting security threats and possible risks, responding to these threats and risks, and allowing recovery for the network or institution from damages or indemnities brought about by security breaches.This process requires setting up of security systems that will accomplish these four phases of protecting (with the use of controlled annoy systems that restricts involvement of the domain to authorized personnel office only), detecting (using surveillance systems and patronise check-up of the physical areas of institutions), responding (well-trained security officials and network protocols that carry out these responses to security threats and risks), and recovering. (Operational Security Standard on Physical Security, 2004) Second, physical security builds up o n hierarchical zones that protect or safeguard access to the security system.These hierarchical zones include the public zone (areas accessible to the public), reception zone (area wherein the boundary between the public and restricted zones is determined), operations zone (areas private to personnel), security zone (areas private to only authorized personnel or visitors), and the high security zone (areas private to authorized and escorted personnel or visitors). Within these zones, technical facilities and security officials are installed and designated respectively to carry out four phases in the previous approach discussed. (Operational Security Standard on Physical Security, 2004)The third approach in physical security is controlling access to determined hierarchical zones. This approach has something to do with controlling access most especially to restricted areas. It does not only control individual access, but is also concerned with the entry of materials considered to be p otentially menacing or risky to security, such as mobile phones and other technological gadgets, harmful objects such as knives, guns, and such, etc.Although institutions should consider this approach in physical security, controlling access should not limit or restrict authorized individuals too much, allowing them ease in visiting each zone within the institution. excursion from security officials designated at every zone, there should also be systems that carry out state-of-the-art security protocols, such as technologies installed within the institution that asks for PIN or access numbers, access cards, biometrics, etc.Fourth, physical security systems should be designed to increase security levels in times of emergency or security threats. (Operational Security Standard on Physical Security, 2004) These four approaches, as recommended by the Treasury Board of Canada secretariate follow the requirements of a strong and efficient physical security system. The concepts supporte d by these four approaches purpose how physical security systems and policies should be established in order to ensure that it will serve its purpose.However, accomplishing all the requirements in establishing a physical security system and a set of policies is not enough. Institutions should make sure that these elements of security are assessed and evaluated to ensure that it is properly sustained and it is up-to-date with trends in security technologies and processes. Part of the paygrade process includes frequent training and drills for security officials, checking-in with technological innovations that improve quality of security measures and systems, and observing brisk systems to determine much-needed replacements or tweaks.With all these information in mind, physical security is a vital contribution in institutions that should not be neglected nor taken lightly. It complements digital network security systems, such that it prevents it from macrocosm jeopardized or subje cted to external control, manipulation, and possible damages that affects the operations within the institution. Establishing a solid physical security system require that all aspects of the physical environment within an institution is identified.Mapping out requires that the institution determines where security is most needed and where access is most likely to be controlled. Aside from going over the basics and technical details of physical security systems, institutions should provide time and effort to evaluate the system in order to ensure that it functions efficiently according to its purpose, and that it meets the highest requirements of quality standard physical security.

Guide To Air Compressors Engineering Essay

manner compressors argon among the most widely employ equipment in the diligence. They picture public- serve corporation in electronic, automotive, building and fabrication industries among others. However, the gigantic scope of addressable compressor types and monetary mensurates make their purchase an highly hard determination. To avoid blowing your clip and money on the incorrect fashion compressor and salvage yourself of future compressor problems, see the followers before purchasing your transfer compressor.Buying ConsiderationsTypes of gloriole Compressors Three chief types of communicate compressors are normally used in industries.Rotary Screw Air Compressors They use duplicate prison guards to condense transport and shop it in hard-hitting armored assail vehicles. Rotary compressors cost more than reciprocating compressors. They can run full-time, confine a responsibility rhythm of cytosine per centum and are most-suited to applications necessitating uninter rupted usage. Rotary compressors can supply 1500 CFM of air flow in a undivided phase and everyplace 2500 CFM in both or more phases.Reciprocating or Piston-driven Air Compressors They use Pistons to compact air and shop it in high force per unit area armored combat vehicles. Reciprocating compressors are the most economical. They are designed for portion clip usage and extremely suited for intermittent applications including mystifyout applications and place workshops. Small air compressors produce 5 HP or less while bigger compressors reach light speed0s of HP. Reciprocating compressors reach up to 50 CFM with a individual phase and up to 100 CFM with two or more phases. One HP normally produces 4-5 CFM of air flow. centrifugal Air Compressors They are turbine engines, used in power workss and high-end industrial applications, and compress air through revolving blades. They are the costliest of all air compressor types. Centrifugal compressors operate at 400-8000 HP and bri ng forth airflows higher than 1000 CFM.Add-On Utilities and Oil-Free CompressorsDry, cool and clean air allows you to better the length of service of your fabrication equipment.Desiccants They remove wet from unconditional air for water-sensitive equipment.Coolers They lower compressed air temperature.Filters They remove drosss such as oil and dust from compressed air.Oil-free compressors They provide oil-free or oil-less air for oil sensitive equipment such as nutrient applications and semiconducting materials and utilize compaction Chamberss sealed away from the oil-lubricated machine parts. They are much more expensive than regular rotary and reciprocating compressors.Compressor Space Air compressors receive a batch of rouse and noise. If possible, apportion a separate compressor room to incorporate the noise and vent the heat. Alternatively, if you do non hold adequate infinite, an enclosure can be used to cut down heat and noise from the compressor. Reciprocating compressor s are louder than rotary compressors.Power Requirements Compressors can be powered by electricity or with a gasolene or Diesel engine. Energy demands vary from 100V to 500V and supra, depending on compressor size.Mobility Pay careful attention to grips, wheels and compressor weight when looking for a nomadic compressor. Engine-driven compressors normally come with their ain nomadic dawdlers. When short on floor infinite, opt for vertically oriented compressors to salvage infinite.Pressure and air flow Carefully find the air force per unit area and air flow demands for every piece of your equipment and happen a compressor that can run all your equipment. Air force per unit area and flow information is normally available within equipment certification. If you can & amp acirc t happen this information in the certification, reach the cleric for an educated conjecture. Add up the air flow values and multiply the amount by 1.5. bring the highest air force per unit area and increase i t somewhat. Make certain your chosen compressor & A acirc s air flow and force per unit area evaluations match these values.Future Expansion Reciprocating air compressors have an mean life of 10-15 old ages while rotary compressors have a lifetime of 20-30 old ages. envision the air flow and force per unit area demands of equipment you wish to purchase in the close afterlife before choosing the air compressor type and size. Make certain your selected air compressor can run into both your forthwith and future demands for maximal benefit.Air Compressor Pricing Air compressors are available in a broad scope of monetary values from $ 500 for a less than 1 HP power compressor to over $ 50000 for 200HP or more compressors. 5 HP reciprocating compressors cost $ 1500-2000 and 5 HP rotary compressors cost $ 2500-4000. At 10-25 HP, compressor monetary values range from $ 4000- $ 10000 or more. 50 HP compressors cost between $ 12,000 and $ 15,000 and 100 HP compressor monetary values rang e from $ 20,000- $ 30,000. Oil-free compressors costs are about triple the monetary value of regular air compressors. Individual compressor parts and fix services are besides available. If upfront allowance is a job, you can question your trader for funding, leases or monthly leases. New compressors come with at to the lowest degree a 1-2 twelvemonth guarantee and service contract. Used compressors are besides available in the market. Two-stage conjectural accounts, that recompress compressed air for higher compaction, are available in both rotary and reciprocating compressors and are costlier than one-stage air compressors.Energy costs These costs make up over 70-90 per centum of the entire ownership costs of an air compressor, over a 5-10 twelvemonth period. So make sure you select efficient air compressors over inefficient low cost 1s for long tally fiscal benefits. Before buying an air compressor, inquire your trader for its Compressed Air and Gas Institute ( CAGI ) data she et to measure its energy readiness readings.Manufacturer and Dealer Considerations Choose a maker committed to bring forthing air compressors as mainstream equipment. scold to several air compressor traders and acquire information on multiple trade names, before choosing a trader. claim about trader repute and length of service in the concern, figure of staff members available for compressor service and service rates. Get mentions from traders and inquire them about trader public presentation. You can besides inquire your industry contacts about their air compressor traders to help you in trader choice. Traders with favourable market reputes and 15-20 twelvemonth experience are good versed with compressor jobs, and can offer better and faster support and service.Make sure you collapse an efficient air compressor with sufficient air flow and air force per unit area from a reputed and experienced trader to acquire maximal benefits from your air compressor. Air compressors are your long-run friends, so take your clip and avoid any hastiness in doing your purchase determination.

Characterization in Canterbury Tales Essay

From cover to cover, Geoffry Chaucers late 14th century collection of short stories, Canterbury narratives, provides readers with a unique literary experience. Chaucer compiles twenty-four short aloneegories of no relation, yet all of the narrators know eachother. Another interesting trait of Chaucers masterpiece takes place in the beginning as he dedicates over twenty pages just to characterization of the story tellers. Chaucer takes about a page to deep introduce the reader to each character who tells their own fable.It has been said of Chaucers characterization that the sheer sort of wealth of detail creates the impression of a specific person. And yet, taken together, it all adds up to a comparatively simple stereotype (Prompt) Chaucer goes into such detail in his prologue that he al more or less seems to create real spate. For the most part, Chaucer stereotypedly characterizes each character, but in the tale about another person of their same type, he satirically and indir ectly characterizes them contradictary to the readers initial impressions of the equatable narrating characters.Chaucer creates these contradictart characterizations to show the flaws in society. Chaucer sets up the reader with a stereotypical comment of each character showing them what characteristics the characters should possess, then simulatenously in the tales points out traits that one would view as corrupt and ironic. In the Shipmans tale, a monk goes behind his best friends back and sleeps with his wife. Ironically not something a stereotypical monk should do. In the beggars statement, a summoner corruptly blackmails people to keep from summoning them.Lastly in the Wife of Baths Tale, a entitle bobbles a women which contradicts Chaucers initial noble description of the cavalry. In the Wife of Baths Tale, a lusty knight sees a amah alone as she was born, and despite her refusal by very force he took her maidenhead (282). This Knight contradicts Chaucers initial direct characterization of the Knight in the prologue having truth, honor, generousness, and courtesy (4). Chaucer describes the Knight in his prologue as the stereotypical distinguished, modest, perfect gentle-knight(5).The Wife of Baths Tale could not describe the knight in any more ironic of a light. The knights brutal rape of the maiden creates situational irony as it completely contradicts the description of Chaucers gentle knight (5). Chaucer points out that veritable(a) the most noble and respected men can committ cruel acts of violence that go against their expected values. alone even men who do not have the same class rank as the knight can still committ immoral acts that go against their expected actions. In Chaucers prologue, he characterizes a Summoner.He does not necessarily portray the Summoner as a noble man, but respected as children atomic number 18 afraid when he appears (20). A respected Summoner that society expects to do his channel right, the Friars Tale describe s a Summoner who does everything but do his job moraly and respectfully, he was a theif, a summoner, and a pimp (295). The Friars Tale exposes a Summoner who rode forth to catch his prey as he would blackmail people ruthlessly for money in order to not Summon them to court (295).Chaucer victimizes the people the Summoner takes advantage of by lableing them as prey and indirectly characterizes the Summoner as heartless and manipulative. Society expects a Summoner to truthfully do his job without stealing peoples money in exchange for a court release. The Friars Tale portrays a dirty Summoner which contradicts the stereotypical Summoner Chaucer describes in his prologue. This unethical Summoner shows the ill in society that many Summoners exploit people in the same way the Summoner does in the Friars Tale